Biology Essay, Research Paper
A Controlled experment allows a researcher to isolate and test a single virable
A kilogram is approx. equal to 2.2 pounds
A meter is a little longer than a yard
An astronaunt would expect her weight to be different on the moon
A milliliter is equal to cc, ml, cubic centemeter
A meter Contains 100 cm.
The weight of an object is the measure of the pull of gravity
0-100 is freezing to boiling on the celcus scale
Living orginsims produce new orginsims of the same species by reproduction
All living orginsims must obtain and use energy
The ability to react to something in the enviroment is called irritability
The metric system is based ot scaled on the powers of 10
Recorded observations are called data
The ability to reproduce your results is an important part of science.
The first step to the scientific method is to observe the problem
Sexual reproduction is nessary because it provides for verity in the offspring
The amount of matter in a substance determines its mass
Scientists measure temp. in degrees Celsius
The basic unit of liquad volume in metric is the liter
The unit measure for length is the meter
The information that you can see, hear, or smell in an experment is called data
Biology is the study if all living things
In outer space you can expect that your mass will stay the same.
There are at least 3 types of microscopes
Never Test more that 1 varable
The general term for Catabolism and anabolism us Metabolism
The life span of each organism ends up with death
The 5 branches of biology are Botanists, Zoology, Miabiology, Palentology,Ethology
Photosynthesis- Process in which autotrophs make their own food usuing the energy in light, CO2 and H2O
3 parts of the cell theory:
1.all cells come from pre existing cells
2.all living prginsims are made up of cells
3. cells are the basic unit of structure and function of a living organism
What is the difference between a plant cell and an animal cell?
A plant cell has chloroplast and some other organelles that an animal cell doesn?t. A plant cell does a process called photocenthesis which animal cell doesn?t
A nucleus is found in Eukaryotes
Ribosomes- make proteins
Cromosomes- DNA
Mitochondira- Transform energy from food into more useful substances in the cell
Lysosmoes- Break down molecules within the cell
2 methods for materials to move through cells:
1. Osmosis
2. Diffusion
Active transport requires energy
Water will travel from an area of high concentration to low contration when seprated by a semi permible membrain.
If red cells are added to water they will explode
Another name for a cell eating a particle is Phagocyte.
When a cell drinks a liquid it is called pimocytosis
The core the atom neucleus
The building block of all matter in the universe is mostly empty space.
Conversions:
9c = 5f ? 160 Centigrade to Fahrenheit
K = C + 273 Kelvin to Centigrade
675 ? 5f ? 160 F to C
The basic unit of all matter is the Atom
When elements combine to form substances consisting of to or more different atoms, Chemical Compounds are produced
2 kinds of chemical Bonds
H2O, NaCl
An acid is a compound that releases hydrogen ions
A base Is a compound that releases Hydroxide ions
The most important aspect of the water molecule is polar
The basic Groups of organic compounds found in living organisms.
1. Protons
2. Carbohydrates
3. Fats (liquids)
4.Nucleic Acid
Carbohydrates- Organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, or sugars and the body?s main source of energy
Proteins- Amino acids
Fats are made of ? A long chain of carbon atoms with a corbox of a ylic acid on the end
Fat Molecule:
C-C-C-C- = O
OH
The 3 major roles of Lipids in living organisms:
1.
2. Chemical messengers
3. Store energy
The primary cellular energy source for almost all living things is the sun
The 4 elements that make up most living organisms:
1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
3. Oxygen
4. Nitrogen
Mixture- A substance composed of 2 or more elements or compounds that aren?t chemically combined
A chemical formula for a simple acid: H20
A chemical formula for a simple base: NaOh -* NA+) + Oh-
2 kinds of nucleic acids: RNA (ribonucleic acid) DNA deoxyribonucleic
Pure water has an equal number of acids and base molecules. 7ph
The range of a ph scale is 0-14
Catalyst- A substance that speeds up the role of a chemical reaction
Ex of Saturated Fat- Found in meat and dairy products.
Ex of Non Saturated Fat- Corn oil
Carbon is a unique element and the basis for fats, carbs, proteins and nucleic acid because it has a valance of 4 and combined with 4 different things
Photosynthesis- Process in which autotrouphs make their own food using the energy in light and CO2 and H2O.
General Formula for photosynthesis (balanced):
CO2 + H20 ?light (CH2O) n+O2
Autotrophs- Organisms that are able to use a source of energy such as sunlight to produce food from simple molecules in the environment
Heterotrophs- Organisms that obtain energy from foods they eat.
When a plant releases oxygen the oxygen comes from H2O
ATP-
Cromosomes are made DNA
Mitochondira- Give the cell energy
Lysosomes- Break down molecules in the cell
Methods that materals move threw cells:
Diffusion, osmosis
Active transport requires energy
If red blood cells are added to water they will explode.
Another name for a cell eating a particle is called phagocytosis
When a cell drinks a liquid is called Dinocytosis
There are 2 stages of photosynthesis
A lot more energy is in glucose than there is in ATP
Glucose- Sugar with formula C6 H12 O6 that is a product of photosynthesis; can be broken down for energy
Formula for Glucose: 6CO2+6H2O
The Citric acid cycle takes place in the inner mitochondria
Oxygen is the end product of electron transport in the Mitochondrion
36 is the total number of ATP molecules produced by both glycolysis and the kerbs cycle
Fermentation- Process that enables cells to carry out energy production in the absence of oxygen
2 kinds of Fermentation: actic acid alcondic
At 12% alcohol yeast will die
Scientific Notation: .000000456 = 4.56 x 10-7
2 compounds responsible for the Genetic Code: DNA RNA
DNA- is the nucleic acid that stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next
Bacteriophage- A virus that infects bacteria?s
4 Nitrogen bases DNA:
1. Quanine
2. Adenine
3. Thymin
4. Adenine
The woman who was instrumental in the discovering the structure of DNA is Roseline Franklin
Shucline and Crik were credited for the discovery of DNA
The discovery of DNA was made in 1953
The sugar used to make DNA is deoxy ribose
4 Nitrogen bases for RNA:
1. Quanine
2. Adenine
3. Adenine
4. Vracil
3 kinds of RNA:
1. messenger
2. ribosome
3. transfer RNA
Formula for Glycolysis
Q2 + glue ? CO2 + H2O
36 ATP is released by Glycolysis
3 nucleotcdes that cool for a single amino acid makes up a codon
Proteins are assembled in the cell
Proteins are made in the cell. The bond that holds them together is the hydrogen and peptide B bond.
64 codons are in the genetic code
The entire genetic program needed to produce a human cell is found in any cell with a nucleus
Protein is a long chain of Amino Acids
The genetic code is universal to all animals, but it isn?t the same genetic code.
Carbohydrates- Long chain of sugars
Bibliography
Helps you study for a Bio Test