Пособие обсуждено и утверждено на заседании кафедры методики преподавания истории “ ” 2001 г. Заведующий кафедрой Лис Н. А

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Нижнетагильский государственный педагогический институт

Ерофеева Л. А.

Введение в систему тестирования TOEFL

Учебно-методическое пособие

Нижний Тагил

2002

Учебно-методическое пособие составлено в соответствии с Государственным образовательным стандартом высшего профессионального образования, утвержденным приказом Государственного комитета Российской федерации по высшему образованию от 4 апреля 2000 года №371, учебным планом подготовки учителей (третий уровень высшего профессионального образования) по специальности "021700 – филология"
соответствует программам, рекомендованным учебно-методическим объединением.

Пособие обсуждено и утверждено на заседании кафедры методики преподавания истории “____” ____________ 2001 г.

Заведующий кафедрой Лис Н. А.

Автор-составитель Ерофеева Л. А.

Система тестирования “TOEFL” (Test of English as a Foreign Language), т. е. проверка знаний английского языка у иностранцев предлагается всем, кто собирается учиться в колледжах и университетах Соединенных Штатов Америки, Канады, Соединенного Королевства Великобритании и Северной Ирландии, а также в странах, где обучение ведется на английском языке.

Система тестирования “TOEFL” была создана образовательной службой тестирования (Educational Testing Service). Задания для “TOEFL” составлены высококвалифицированными лингвистами. Все вопросы проверялись многими специалистами и испытывались в пробных тестированиях, прежде чем были приняты в форме тестов для объективной оценки знаний по английскому языку.

Данная система тестирования призвана оценить уровень владения устной и письменной речью. Она используется в 2300 колледжах и университетах США и Канады и предъявляется как одно из основных требований для иностранцев. Ежегодно при помощи этой системы проходят тестирование около миллиона человек.

Задания по системе тестирования “TOEFL” включают в себя 3 раздела: контроль восприятия на слух (Listening Comprehension), письменная речь (Structure and Written Expression), контроль прочитанного материала и словарного запаса (Reading Comprehension and Vocabulary). Задания всех трех разделов являются равнозначно важными. Освоение данной системы тестирования происходит в рамках специального курса, в соответствии с учебным планом исторического факультета. В связи с небольшим количеством аудиторных часов по дополнительной специальности “английский язык”, отводимых для ознакомительного прохождения системы тестирования TOEFL, нам представляется необходимым большее внимание уделить письменной речи, с тем, чтобы студенты могли повторить грамматический материал, изученный за предыдущие годы обучения.

Пособие написано на английском языке, так как адресовано студентам старших курсов. Большинство заданий заимствовано из зарубежных источников. Оно рассчитано на 10 аудиторных часов и снабжено практическими советами по его использованию, которые рекомендуется прочитать перед тем, как выполнять задания. В пособии приведены примеры и разобраны типичные ошибки, допускаемые при выполнении заданий. Пособие также включает краткий грамматический обзор всех грамматических явлений, необходимых при выполнении заданий, причем используется американская терминология при описании грамматических категорий. Здесь также приводятся рекомендуемые домашние задания.

В конце прохождения курса студенты пишут экзаменационную или зачетную работу.

Certain types of sentence structure errors are usually tested in the TOEFL. If you are prepared for and alert to these areas, you will have the tools needed to become more confident in taking the Structure and Written Expression section of TOEFL.

Many excellent books have been written which analyze the structure of English and its many exceptions. It is the aim of this section to organize in a methodical way the strategic error areas that you can use as a checklist when attempting to eliminate incorrect choices. These tips may help you eliminate incorrect choices and give the correct answer.

I. SENTENCE CONTENT Parts of speech

As a TOEFL test-taker, particularly in the Structure and Written Expression (Grammar), you must be alert to all the possible roles of a word within a sentence. A word’s role is its “function” in a sentence. The role a word serves in one sentence may be different from the role the same word serves in another sentence. Following are the eight roles a word may serve in a sentence.

PART OF SPEECH	FUNCTION	EXAMPLES
A. NOUN	A person, place, or a thing	girl, dress, Mary, John
B. PRONOUN	A substitute for a noun	he, she, it, I, them
C. VERB	Expresses action	sing, dance
D. Adjective	Describes a noun or pronoun	silent, calm, anxious, eager
E. ADVERB	Modifies a verb, adjective or	quietly, fast, calmly

ADVERB

F. PREPOSITION	Shows the relationship between the noun or pronoun and another word	around, to, in, during, for
G. CONJUNCTION	Joins two words or groups	and, or, but
H. Interjection	Displays feelings	Oh! Wow!

A SENTENCE

The most important skill you can learn for the TOEFL Structure and Written Expression section is to identify a sentence’s subjects and verbs.

A complete sentence contains at least one subject and one verb. The subject and the verb form the basis of the sentence. Extra words added to sentences do not change the subject and the verb. It is essential to identify the verb in the sentence first. Why? Recognizing the verb first is easier because there are fewer possible words for verbs than there are for subjects. The verb is the action
being performed in a sentence.

The following parts of speech are NOT verbs, so you should not include them when looking for the verbs:

Infinitive
– the combination of the word “to” plus a verb, such as “to sing” or “to dance”. This is not part of the verb in the sentence.

Adverb
– words that describe the verb are not part of the verb. The words “not”, “never”, “quickly”, and “very” are some adverbs.

All forms of the verb “BE
” are verbs: AM, IS, ARE, WAS, WERE,
and BEEN.
Verbs also include words that substitute for BE
, such as BECOME, APPEAR, SEEM,
and FEEL.

VERBS: MAIN AND HELPING

Main verbs tell the action or activity being performed. Helping verbs are used with main verbs to: (a) show “tense”, the time of an action (present, past, future), and (b) show meaning that cannot be expressed by the main verb alone.

Helping verbs always come before the main verb, although sometimes another word, such as an adverb, may come between the helping verb and the main verb. The following words are examples helping verbs: CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, MUST, SHALL, SHOULD, WILL,
and WOULD.

A VERB INCLUDES THE MAIN VERBS PLUS ALL THE HELPING VERBS.

In the sentence, “I should have helped her,” the complete verb is “should have helped”. In the sentence “I will have a piece of cake, thank you,” the complete verb is “will have”.

Sentences may contain one, two, or three helping verbs with the main verb.

A complete verb with all of its helping verbs is called a finite verb.

SUBJECTS

The person or thing performing the action or activity is the subject. The following types of words are NOT subjects:

ADJECTIVES –
words that describe a noun are not part of the subject.

WORDS THAT SHOW OWNERSHIP OR POSSESSION
– words like “hers” or “his” are not part of the subject.

A sentence consists of a person or thing doing an action, or in other words a subject plus a verb.

PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions are small words that show the relationship between one word and another. Prepositions are found in phrases. Each prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or a pronoun. This is an important fact because if a word is part of a prepositional phrase, it cannot be the subject or the verb of the sentence. Verbs are not in prepositional phrases, and the noun or pronoun that is the object of the preposition cannot be the main subject.

QUESTION: “WHAT SHOULD I DO WHEN A TEST SENTENCE IS EXTREMELY LONG WITH DIFFICULT VOCABULARY?”

Cross out the prepositional phrases and within the few words left will be the subjects and verbs.

EXAMPLE: The early phase of the Bronze Age on the mainland ended about 2000 B. C. with military conquest of the area by invaders from the north.

This sentence has 24 words, but only one subject and one verb. Cross out the prepositional phrases and you will see how easy it is to find the subject and verb.

The following sentence has 22 words, but no verb. Cross out the prepositional phrases and the infinite phrase, and you will find the subject.

The wing design of the U-2 permitting
long distance gliding
without engine power

to reduce
the likelihood of detection from the ground
.

The subject of the sentence is “design”, but the sentence has no complete verb. The test-taker must ask, what does the wing design do? The answer shows that the error lies in (A) “permitting” which should be “permits”, a finite verb. (B) is a correct because it is a verb form used as a noun. The clue is the adjective “long-distance”. (C) gives the purpose of the wing design, and (D) tells where there is the likelihood of detection. If there are two or more clauses (clauses are subject-verb patterns), you must check to see if the clauses are combined correctly.

There are two basic ways to combine clauses:

A. Keep them as independent clauses that can stand alone and join them with a coordinating conjunction, such as: and, but, or, nor, for.

EXAMPLE: Jean looked everywhere but she could not find her velvet pillow.

B. Keep at least one as an independent clause and make the others dependent clauses using subordinate conjunctions.

EXAMPLE: She loved Michael dearly, but did not love his dog.

QUESTION: "WHAT ARE SOME OF THE WAYS TO MAKE A CLAUSE (SUBJECT. VERB PATTERN) DEPENDENT?"

A dependent clause that describes a word is an adjective clause
. An adjective clause is introduced by a relative pronoun.

WHO	WHOM
THAT	WHOSE
WHICH	WHERE
WHEN

Dependent clauses and their subjects and verbs must be in complete sentences.

EXAMPLE 1: The issue could be a paramount one in the decade to come.

EXAMPLE 2: Whenever I eat garlic, I feel better.

In example 1, a complete idea is expressed. The verb is "could be" and the subject is "issue». This is an independent clause. In example 2, the first verb "eat" and its subject "I" are introduced by the subordinating conjunction "whenever», making that a subordinate clause. The verb and the subject "I" stand alone as an independent clause, making this a complete sentence.

Is each of the following a sentence?

I
cannot insist
enough that the man
whom you
are dating
is
a liar and a thief.

S1 and VI form the independent main clause. The subordinate clause is introduced by "that». There is an adjective clause introduced by the relative pronoun within the subordinate clause.

Most Americans to purchase a colored television, regardless of what the cost might be.

This is not a complete sentence. «Regardless of» introduces the subordinate clause with the subject «cost» and the verb «might be». «To purchase» is not a verb; it is an infinitive. The main verb is missing.

Although many of his friends have come.

The subject "many" and verb "have come" are introduced by a subordinate conjunction "although», making this a subordinate clause, not a sentence. Remember that you need an independent clause, a subject and verb not introduced by a subordinating word, to have a sentence.

BECAUSE vs. BECAUSE OF

BECAUSE + subject + verb

BECAUSE OF + noun or pronoun

Because
the situation did not improve, the boss decided to call a gathering of her employees.

Because of
the worsening situation, the boss decided to call a gathering of her employees.

EXAMPLE: Because
his conduct at the campaign, Bazaine was found

guilty
of treason and received a death sentence, which was commuted
to

imprisonment for 20 years
.

(A) is the error. "Because" is not followed by a subject and verb, only by a noun. If it is followed by a noun, it should be "because of». (B) is a correct passive verb form. (C) is a description of the death sentence, a relative pronoun and passive verb. (D) tells the length of imprisonment.

APPOSITIVES

A noun or noun substitute used without a verb to explain or describe the noun beside it is called an appositive.

EXAMPLES:

Sue, our leader, took us to the museum. (“leader” is the appositive)

Two students, Beth and I, were chosen for the activity

(“Beth” and “I” are the appositives)

EXAMPLES:

1. Agathocles, _______________ was exiled twice for attempting to overthrow the aristocratic government.

(A) a tyrant of Syracuse who

(B) a tyrant of Syracuse

(D) whose tyrant of Syracuse

ANSWER: (B) explains who Agathocles was without using a relative pronoun, as answers (A) and (D). (C) gives extra words that confuse the meaning of the sentence.

2. ___________________Vincent van Gogh lived a tumultuous life in the southern part of France.

(A) Despite the famous French impressionist

(B) A famous French impressionist who is

(D) He is a famous French impressionist

ANSWER: (D) gives a subject and a verb – it is an independent clause, not an appositive. Although it explains who van Gogh was, it should be treated as a complete sentence and combined with the next complete sentence by a conjunction. This, however, is not one of the answers, so it is not correct. (A) is a prepositional phrase introduced by “despite” and does not explain who van Gogh was. (B) gives a relative pronoun and that is not necessary. (C) is the correct choice.

EXERCISES: PRACTICE WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED ABOUT “SENTENCE CONTENT”

DIRECTIONS: Choose the best word or phrase which would complete the sentence.

1.___________________reflect the principles of American adolescence during the 1950s.

(The sentence has one main verb, “reflect”, but no subject. It needs a subject.)

(A) Students go to school

(B) Whether the country’s high schools

(D)The country’s high schools

ANSWER: Only (D) is a subject. (A) is a subject and verb, (B) has an introductory word, “whether”, that makes the subject and the verb “reflect” into a dependent clause, and (C) has an introductory word, as well as a subject and a verb.

2. This ___ the only correct answer on the test.

(“This” is the subject. A verb is needed.)

(A) which

(B) is

(D) as

ANSWER: (A) and (D) are not verbs. (C) “being” is not a finite verb and cannot be used as a main verb. (B) is the only choice.

3. The common name applied to large seabirds of the family Diomedeidae _______ the albatross, of which 13 species can be found from the Antarctic region north to the tropics.

("Name" is the subject. A verb is needed.)

(A) to be

(B) being

(D) has been

ANSWER: "Applied" and the phrase that follows it describe "the common name», so "applied" is a past participle used as an adjective. It is not the verb of the sentence. "Can be found" is not the main verb; rather, it is the verb of the preposition. So the sentence needs a verb.

(A) and (B) are not verbs. "To be" is an infinitive, and "being" is a participle, not a complete, finite verb. (D) is the present perfect tense. (C) is correct because it is the simple present tense appropriate for definitions.

II. VERB TENSES

An understanding of verb tenses is critical when taking the TOEFL Structure and Written Expression section. Considering the many tenses there are in any language, this is not undue emphasis on verb tenses. Though there are many tens that can be tested, and many intricate exceptions, do not become overwhelmed with the extensive range of the verb tenses. Complete understanding of verb tense goal, but is not needed to do relatively well on the TOEFL Structure and Written Expression section.

SIMPLE TENSES

1. Simple Present

– a general statement of fact:

EXAMPLE: The earth is a sphere.

– a habitual activity

EXAMPLE: I always skip breakfast.

– a statement of something existing at the time of speaking:

– Example: I hear you.

2. Simple Past

– an activity begun and completed at a particular time in the past:

EXAMPLE: I went to college last year.

– "After" and "before" clauses:

EXAMPLES: After she left, I went directly to bed.

They arrived before I did.

3. Simple Future/be going to

– future activity:

EXAMPLES: I will do that later. I am going to do that later.

PERFECT TENSES

1. Present Perfect

– an activity begun in the past and continued into the present when used with since or for:

since + a particular time

for + a duration of time

EXAMPLES: I have studied French for ten years.

She has studied Spanish since 1989.

– a repeated activity:

EXAMPLE: I have read four books this month.

– an activity that happened at an unspecified time in the past:

EXAMPLE: I have already visited China.

– an activity in a time clause to emphasize it has been completed before the main clause action begins:

EXAMPLE: I will go to the movies after I have finished all my homework.

2. Past Perfect

– a completed activity before another activity in the past:

EXAMPLE: They had already left by the time I arrived.

3. Future Perfect

– an activity to be completed before another activity in the future:

EXAMPLE: They will have left by the time I arrive.

PROGRESSIVE TENSES

1. Present Progressive

– a planned or intended future event or activity:

EXAMPLE: Jocelyne is leaving for her vacation tomorrow.

– an activity in progress at the time of speaking:

EXAMPLE: Jerry is watching a show on television.

– a general activity in progress during the next day, week, month, or year, though not actually going on at the time of speaking:

EXAMPLE: Claudine is trying to improve her grades.

2. Past Progressive

– a past activity in progress when another activity occurred:

EXAMPLE: At six o'clock last evening, I was eating dinner.

(activity of eating was in progress when six o'clock occurred)

– two past activities in progress at the same time:

EXAMPLE: While I was answering the phone, he was getting the mail.

3. Future Progressive

– a future activity that will be in progress:

EXAMPLE: He will be looking for her tomorrow.

4. Present Perfect Progressive

– duration of an activity that began in the past and continued to the present, and is used with time words, like "since", "for", "all year":

EXAMPLE: He has been travelling all summer.

– duration of a more general activity that began in the past and continued to the present; does not mention time:

EXAMPLE: He has been studying
hard.

5. Past Perfect Progressive

– the length of a past activity that was going on before another past activity:

EXAMPLE: When she finally arrived, I had been waiting for her for two hours.

– an activity in progress right before another activity in the past:

EXAMPLE: Her hair was wind-blown because she had been walking
in the park.

6. Future Perfect Progressive

– a future activity that has been in progress and is continuing into the future:

EXAMPLE: She will have been looking
for the right material for her drapes for three years.

PASSIVE VOICE

If the subject is acted upon, the verb is passive.

To make a verb passive, add the past participle to the form of "be».

The active voice is the preferred form in English because it is more forceful and direct.

EXAMPLE: The Thinker
was sculpted by Rodin.

The passive voice is used to emphasize the receiver of the action as the focus of interest.

PRESENT SIMPLE, PASSIVE: They are led.

PAST SIMPLE, PASSIVE: They were led.

FUTURE SIMPLE, PASSIVE: They will be led.

PRESENT PERFECT, PASSIVE: They have been led.

PAST PERFECT, PASSIVE: They had been led.

FUTURE PERFECT, PASSIVE: They will have been led.

SHORT EXERCISE: Find the element in the following sentence where the

passive voice is expressed incorrectly.

The first man-made
orbiting earth satellite
had launched
by the U.S.S.R. in 1957
.

ANSWER:
(C) is the correct answer. (Note: Satellites-rockets cannot launch themselves.) The word "by" is your clue to the possible need for a passive voice. (C) is the element of the sentence where the passive voice should be expressed with the verb “was launched.”

III. VERBALS

GERUNDS/INFINITIVES / PARTICIPLES

When taking the TOEFL, you can sometimes tell if a word is a noun or a verb or some other part of speech by just looking at the word. In most cases, however, the test-taker has to see how a certain word fits into a sentence pattern before it can be called a "noun" or a "verb». In the following two sentences, the word "glow" is used in different ways:

Lights glow in the distance.

The glow of the light brightened her face.

"Glow" is a verb in the first sentence because it comes in a verb position in the sentence pattern; but in the second sentence, "glow" is a noun because it comes in a subject position. The position of words is very important. "The dog bit Mary" is very different from saying that "Mary bit the dog». Some words can even be in four positions:

I "lean" in the direction of that opinion. (verb position)

The "lean" of the Tower of Pisa is well known. (noun position)

The "lean" swimmers stood on the blocks. (adjective position)

Remember to eat "lean". (adverb position)

Since position in the sentence is very important, you need to be alert to verbals when looking for subjects and verbs in sentences. Because verbals look like verbs, you must be able to recognize them and not confuse them with verbs. Verbals are infinitives, gerunds, or participles. These are forms of verbs that, when placed in certain positions in the sentence pattern, will act like nouns or adjectives.

The girl was "singing». ("singing" in verb position = main verb used with "was") "Singing" was her hobby. ("singing" in the subject position =gerund)

The "singing" girl won a medal. ("singing" in the adjective position participle)

"To sing" in a theatre was her desire ("to sing" in the subject position = infinitive).

Although nouns (such as book, girl) and pronouns (such as I, she, they) are the most common subjects, gerunds (singing, running, eating) are commonly used for subjects ("Singing" was her hobby). Infinitives (to sing, to swim, to eat) are also used as subjects ("To sing" in a theatre was her desire).

Gerunds and participles look alike because they both end in “-ing” ("The singing cheered him” and “The singing bird sat in the tree”), but the only way to tell them apart is by their position in the sentence.

In these sentences, which are gerunds (subjects) and which are participles (modifiers of nouns)?

The washing machine is new. (participle)

The washing should take about five minutes. (gerund)

Earning money gives a person self-respect. (gerund)

Her earning power was reduced after her accident. (participle)

Notice that gerunds, like nouns, may be modified by adjectives and prepositional phrases:

The first "running" of the race was in July 1988.

The sudden and fierce "rushing" of the wind blew over the shack.

Gerunds may also act like nouns in other ways. They may be objects or objects of prepositions. Again, the way you can tell the difference between the verb and the verbal is by the position in the sentence pattern:

John is "running" the race again. (running is part of the verb)

The thought of "running" again made him feel tired. (as object of preposition)

Sandra likes "running". (as object of verb)

The participles reviewed so far all ended in "-ing". These are called present participles because they come from verbs in the present tense ("The car is rolling"). When participles come from verbs in the past tense, they are called past participles ("The player was injured"). Past participles are also commonly used to modify subjects. Notice the position of the participle before you decide whether it is being used as part of the verb or being used to modify the subject.

EXERCISES: PRACTICE WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED ABOUT "VERBALS”

DIRECTIONS: Choose the best word or phrase which would complete the sentence.

1. Oil of bay, _________ from the leaves of a tropical American bay tree commonly called the bayberry, is used in the distilling of bay rum.

(A) make

(B) makes

(D) made

ANSWER: (D) is the answer because it is the past participle used to describe the oil of bay. The description is let aside from the main clause of the sentence by commas. (A) is not correct because it is the present tense, plural form of the verb and does not agree in number with the subject, even if the sentence needed a verb. (B) is not correct because it is the present tense, singular form of the verb, but the sentence does not need a finite verb. (C) is not correct because it is the present participle, inappropriate for the description form needed in this sentence.

2. After _______ his flight training, American astronaut Alan Bean was stationed in Jacksonville.

(A) completes

(B) completed

(E) complete

ANSWER: (C) is the correct answer because there is an independent clause, and the dependent present participle following "after" is needed to describe what Bean did before being stationed in Jacksonville. (A), (B), and (D) are all finite verbs that need a subject, and there is no subject following "after".

3. The sight of the American flag _________________ inspired him to write the poem, "The Star Spangled Banner».

(A) still flown over the fort at daybreak

(B) still flew over the fort at daybreak

(D) still flies over the fort at daybreak

ANSWER: (C) is the correct answer because the main verb of the sentence is "inspired" and the subject "sight" needs a present participle to describe it. (A) is the past participle which is not correct with the present word "still». (B) is the past tense of the verb, and a finite conjugated verb is not correct here. (D) is the present tense of the verb, and a finite conjugated verb is not correct here.

3. If you expect to move in a few years, ____________ may be more economical than buying one.

(A) there is a rented home

(B) having rented a home

(D) renting a home

ANSWER: (D) is the answer because it is the gerund that serves as the subject of the verb of the independent clause "may be». It also parallels the comparison to "buying one». "If you expect to move in a few years" serves as the dependent clause. (A) creates an incorrect phrasing of the independent clause by adding another subject and verb. (B) creates an incorrect time frame – by placing the rental in a questionable time period; the reader is unsure if it is the future, past, or present. (C) creates an incorrect comparison by saying the home should be more economical, not the act of renting that should be economical.

IV. SUBJECT-VERB-PRONOUN AGREEMENT

This is a common testing area for TOEFL because it is such a common error in the English language.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Extra words must be eliminated so that you can check to see if the subjects and verbs agree. For Type 2 questions in particular, check to make sure that all subjects and verbs agree. Since locating the subject and verb is your first step in every item, you are almost there.

DIRECTIONS: Choose the best choice which completes the sentence.

In the same century a type of beagle with some of the characteristics _______ in the southern United States.

(A) were known

(B) was known

(D) are known

ANSWER: (B) is the answer since this sentence needs a verb that agrees with the singular subject "type». (A) is not correct because it is the plural form of the verb I' and the subject is singular. (C) is the past participle form of the verb and the sentence needs a finite verb. (D) is not correct because it is the plural form of the verb and the subject is singular.

DIRECTIONS: Choose the word or phrase which is grammatically incorrect.

1. Many
relics from
the Roman period has been unearthed
throughout
the country.

ANSWER: (C) is the answer because the verb form is singular when the subject “relics” is in the plural form. (A) is correct because it is a counting adjective and “relics" must be counted. (B) is correct because the expression is something “from” a particular time period. (D) is correct because it is a preposition that explains where the relics have been unearthed.

2. This country's fertile land, together with
the fertile land of other
countries,

are being used
in a worldwide
crop utilization project.

ANSWER: (C) is the answer since this sentence needs a verb that agrees with the singular subject "land». (A) is used correctly because it is the expression "together with" that adds to the subject. (B) is the correct adjective "other" to refer to countries. (D) is the correct adjective to describe the project.

The following collective nouns use singular verbs: everyone, everything, everybody, neither, somebody, one of, each of , every.

The following words use "is" although they end with an "s" and may seem plural:

United States, statistics, physics, mathematics, economics, news.

The following expressions also use "is":

Time Expressions: Two minutes is better than nothing.

Money Expressions: Fifty dollars is a lot of money for a blouse.

Distance Expressions: Three miles is a good distance for a morning walk.

DIRECTIONS: Choose the best phrase or word which is grammatically incorrect.

1. People who gets
a lot done know
ahead of
time what is important
to them.

ANSWER: (A) is the answer because the verb form "gets" – present tense

Singular form – does not agree with “people” which is plural. (B) is correct because it is the present tense, plural form for the subject “people”. (C) is correct because it is the correct wording of the phrase “ahead of time”. (D) is the correct noun clause that serves as the direct object of the verb “know”.

2. According
to the philosophy of the German George Wilhelm Frierich Hegel,

art, religion, and philosophy is
the bases
of the highest
spiritual development.

B C D

ANSWER: (B) is the answer because the verb is not correct. The subject is a . compound subject – art, religion, and philosophy – so the verb should be plural, "are». (C) is correct because it is the plural form of "basis», and the plural form is needed due to the compound subject. (D) is correct because the superlative form is used with "the».

3. A
book on
mathematics are going
to help out when
the time comes.

A B C D

ANSWER: (C) is the answer because the verb is not correct. The subject is "book" so the verb should be singular, "is». Even if the word "mathematics" had been the subject, it should be treated as singular. (A) is correct because reference is made to any book on mathematics. (B) is correct because books are "on" or about a particular subject. (D) is correct because it gives the correct time frame.

4. The three elements of
speed, strength, and
technique is
vital to
karate expertise.

A B C D

ANSWER: (C) is the answer because the subject is "the three elements" followed by a prepositional phrase explaining what the three elements are – speed, strength, and technique – so the verb should be plural, "are». (A) is correct because the preposition introduces what the three elements are. (B) adds the third element. (D) is the correct preposition following "vital».

4. In the Gothic Cathedral of Boyeux is
Romanesque sections dating
from the

A B C

twelfth century
.

ANSWER: (B) is the answer because the verb is not in the correct number. The subject is "Romanesque sections" a plural subject, which requires a plural verb. The correct plural verb form should be "are». (A) is correct because it is a correct expression to say where something is located. (C) is correct because "dating" tells from when the sections date. (D) tells from what century the sections date.

V. WORD USAGE ERROR AREAS

Word Form Errors: Prefixes and Suffixes

Word form errors are made when the sentence includes a verb or adjective form used incorrectly as a noun, or a noun form used incorrectly as an adjective or verb. There is a very logical way to recognize if the word is in its proper form.

Basic knowledge of the English language, especially a familiarity with its numerous prefixes, can help build vocabulary and also strengthen spelling. For example, if one knows that "inter" means "between" and "intra" means "within», one is not likely to spell "intramural" "intermural». (The former means within the limits or limits of a city, college, etc.)

The following table lists some common Latin and Greek prefixes which are part of the foundation of the English language.

PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE

Ab-, a, abs away, from abstain

Ad- to, toward adjacent

Ante- before antecedent

Anti- against antidote

Bi- two bisect

Cata-, cat-, cath- down cataclysm

Contra- against contrary

Circum- around circumlocution

De- down, from decline

di- twice diatonic

dis-, di- apart, away dissolve

epi-, ep-, eph- upon, among epidemic

ex-, e- out of, from extricate

hyper- beyond, over hyperactive

in- in, into instill

inter- among, between intercede

intra- within intramural

meta-, met- along, with metaphysics

mono- one monolith

ob- against obstruct

para-, par- beside parallel

per- through permeate

pre- before prehistoric

pro- before project

super- above superior

tele-, tel- across television

trans- far transpose

ultra- beyond ultraviolet

A suffix is a syllable added to a word that affects its meaning. When a suffix is added to a word, it does not change its meaning radically, but it does change the verb it has in a sentence.

EXAMPLES:

1. The struggle for survival is the most basic of all natural instincts.

(adding suffix -al
to verb survive
)

2. The fact that he had not been to see her lay like a weight on his conscience.

(adding suffix -t
to verb weigh
)

3. The general form of African government today is democracy.

(adding suffix - ment
to verb govern
)

Learn to recognize these “Suffixes for Nouns”

SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE

-acy quality of being or having candidacy, diplomacy

-age collection of, condition of salvage, carriage

-al pertaining to, having the character of refusal, denial

-an pertaining to, one concerned with artisan, partisan

-ance quality of fragrance, romance

-ancy quality of buoyancy, vagrancy

-ar pertaining to scholar

-ard one who subscribes to excess drunkard

-ation action or process of determination,

imagination

-dom state or condition of being freedom, kingdom

-ence quality of being patience, diligence

-ency quality of being emergency, efficiency

-er a person or thing connected with labourer, worker

-ss used to form feminine hostess, tigress

-hood state of being statehood, motherhood

-ice condition avarice, malice

-ism belief in schism, communism

-ite one connected with Israelite, plebiscite

-ity quality of security, celebrity

-ment result of bombardment,

department

-ness state or quality of being kindness, sadness

- or state of tutor, dictator

-ship condition of ambassadorship

partnership

-sion act of diversion, convertion

-th result of action growth, wealth

-tion act of dedication, celebration

-ty state of being modesty, frailty

Learn to recognize these “Suffixes for Adjectives”

SUFFIX MEANING Example

-able capable of movable, repairable

-ac pertaining to maniac, cardiac

-al having the character of terminal, thermal

-ar pertaining to circular, cellular

-ary connected with imaginary, sedentary

-ful possessing the quality of hasteful, spiteful

-ible able to be visible, reversible

-ish having the quality of mannish, boyish

-ive tending to secretive, evasive

-less without endless, countless

-ous full of gracious, spacious

-ulent abounding in succulent,

fraudulent

-y quality of nosy, greedy

Learn to recognize these “Suffixes for Verbs”.

SUFFIX MEANING Example

-ate characterized by facilitate, dedicate

-en to make deepen, thicken

-ify to make, to do something quantify, qualify

-ize to make, to do something, to subject to criticize, fertilize

Learn to recognize these “Suffixes for Adverbs”.

SUFFIX MEANING Example

-ly in a specified manner commonly, quietly

-fold having specified number of parts tenfold, manifold

-ward toward inward, outward

-wise in a specified manner lengthwise,

otherwise

WORD CHOICE ERRORS

Correlative Conjunctions

The following words go together:

either ……………….or

neither……………….nor

not only ……………..but (also)

whether………………or

both ………………….and

Also note that if an adjective follows one, an adjective must follow the other. If a noun follows one, a noun or pronoun must follow the other.

EXAMPLE:

1. Illustrator Mercer Mayer has won awards for his drawings of ………. adult and children’s books.

(A) the two

(B) both

(D) also

ANSWER: (B) is correct because it completes the correlative conjunction pair: both … and. (A) is not correct because it means that the illustrator won the awards for only two books. (C) is incorrect because it attempts to use “together” as an adjective, an incorrect form. (D) “also” is used to add on, but nothing is there to add on to.

Parallel Structures

Parallel structure is the same form of two or more grammatically related elements. Whenever words or phrases are joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor), they should have the same form.

EXAMPLE: 1. The review was very critical of the film, citing the poor photography, weak plot, and ___________.

(A) also including the boring dialogue

(B) boring dialogue

(D) but the dialogue was boring

ANSWER: (B) is a noun form, just like "photography" and "plot», the other areas criticized by the review. Connect the same elements with "and», which is supplied. The other answers begin with conjunctions which would make the sentence confusing and incorrect. Oppose two different ideas with "but». "While" indicates an importance of time. "Also" includes another idea which may be similar or different.

Comparison of Adjectives

Adjectives and adverbs have three forms that show a greater or lesser degree of the characteristic of the basic word: the positive, the comparative, and the superlative. The basic word is called the positive. The comparative is used to refer to two persons, things, or groups. The superlative is used to refer to more than two people, things, or groups; it indicates the greatest or least degree of the quality named Most adjectives of one syllable become comparative by adding "er" to the ending and become superlative by adding "est" to the ending. In adjectives ending with "y", the "y" changes to "i" before adding the endings.

Examples of comparison of adjectives:

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

little littler, less littlest, least

happy happier happiest

late later latest

brave braver bravest

lovely lovelier loveliest

long longer longest

friendly friendlier friendliest

fast faster fastest

shrewd shrewder shrewdest

tall taller tallest

Adjectives of two or more syllables usually form their comparative degree by adding "more" (or "less") and form their superlative degree by adding "most" (or "least"). Examples of comparison of adjectives of two or more syllables:

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

handsome more handsome most handsome

less handsome least handsome

timid more timid most timid

less timid least timid

tentative more tentative most tentative

less tentative least tentative

valuable more valuable most valuable

less valuable least valuable

endearing more endearing most endearing

less endearing least endearing

Some adjectives are irregular; their comparatives and superlatives are formed by changes in the words themselves.

Examples of comparison of irregular adjectives:

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

good better best

many more most

much

some

bad worse worst

little less least

far farther farthest

further furthest

DEFINITION:
farther – referring to a physical distance.

further – referring to a differing degree, time, or quality.

Adverbs are compared in the same way as adjectives of more than one syllable: by adding “more” (or “less”) for the comparative degree and “most” (or “least”) for the superlative.

Examples of comparison of adverbs:

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

easily more easily most easily

less easily least easily

quickly more quickly most quickly

less quickly least quickly

truthfully more truthfully most truthfully

Some adverbs are irregular; some add “er”, “est”.

Examples of comparison of irregular adverbs:

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

little less least

well better best

far farther farthest

badly worse worst

fast faster fastest

soon sooner soonest

much more most

hard harder hardest

close closer closest

The comparative and superlative indicate not only the differences in the degree of the quality named, but also in the number of things discussed.

Use the comparative to compare two things:

Mary is the more lazy of the two.

I’ve tasted creamier cheese than this.

James is the shorter of the two boys.

Of the two, I like Gail better.

My teacher is kinder than yours.

This book is more interesting than that one.

Use the superlative to compare more than two things
:

Mary is the laziest girl I know.

This is the creamiest cheese I've ever tasted.

James is the shortest boy in the class.

Of those five people, I liked Gail best.

My teacher is the kindest in the school.

This book is the most interesting of the three.

There are some words to which comparison does not apply, since they already indicate the highest degree of a quality:

Here are some examples:

immediately superlative first

last very unique

uniquely universally perfect

perfectly exact complete

correct dead deadly

preferable round perpendicularly

square third supreme

totally infinitely immortal

ERRORS TO AVOID IN COMPARISON

Do not combine two superlatives:

NO: That was the most bravest thing he ever did.

YES: That was the bravest thing he ever did.

NO: He grew up to be the most handsomest boy in the town.

YES: He grew up to be the most handsome boy in the town.

Do not combine two comparatives:

NO: Mary was more friendlier than Susan.

YES: Mary was friendlier than Susan.

NO: The puppy was more timider last week.

YES: The puppy was more timid last week.

COMPARISON WITH "OTHER», "ELSE" OR "OF ALL"

A common mistake when comparing members of a group is to forget to indicate that the item being held up for comparison is still a part of the rest of the group to which it is being compared. The addition of "other" or "else" to the comparative makes this relationship more clear. If the superlative is used, adding "of all" makes the meaning more definite and emphatic.

NO: She is a better piano player than any pianist in our group.

(Is she part of the group?)

YES: She is a better piano player than any other pianist in our group.

(It is now clear that she is a member of the group.)

NO: Our dog is smarter than any on the block. (

Does the dog live on the block!)

YES: Our dog is smarter than any other on the block.

(Now it is obvious that the dog lives on the block.)

NO: Your car is the fastest car in the neighbourhood.

(Whose neighbourhood?)

YES: Your car is the fastest of all the cars in the neighbourhood.

(Your car belongs in the neighbourhood.)

CONFUSION WITH ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES

There are two categories of verbs after which an adjective form is used instead of an adverb form. When using these verbs, it is easy to make a mistake and use an adverb instead of an adjective since, logically, the modifier seems to refer to the verb, but actually it refers to the subject.

Use an adjective after:

1. Forms of the verb "to be" and other nonaction verbs such as:

seem appear become

remain prove

The boy was studious. (studious boy)

She appears happy. (happy girl)

The prediction proved incorrect. (incorrect prediction)

Jim remained depressed. (depressed Jim)

2. Verbs of the senses such as:

taste feel look

smell sound

Marianne feels sick. (sick Marianne)

That apple tastes good. (good apple)

Those girls look beautiful. (beautiful girls)

The music sounded crisp and clear. (crisp and clear music)

The cake smelled appetizing. (appetizing cake)

NO: Those girls look beautifully. (wrong)

Those girls look beautifully. (illogical)

YES: She appears happy.

She is happy. (logical)

NO: I feel badly (wrong)

I am badly (illogical)

YES: The rose smells sweet.

The rose is sweet. (logical)

YES: The music sounded crisp and clear

The music is crisp and clear. (logical)

Sometimes the modifier refers to the verb, or clarifying the manner of the action. In this case, the adverbial form must be used.

She felt cautiously for the light switch. (felt cautiously)

The music sounded loudly in her ears. (sounded loudly)

Her parents appeared immediately after she called. (immediately appeared)

THE ARTICLES – LIMITING ADJECTIVES

The most commonly used adjectives are the shortest – the articles "a», "an», "the" that signal nouns. A
and an
are called indefinite articles because they refer any unspecified member of a group or class. The is called a definite article because it refers to a specific member of a group or class. Articles function as adjectives because they limit a noun or pronoun.

Indefinite articles – "a" "and" "an" Definite article – "the"

a pen a refrigerator the pen (a specific pen)

a tree a secretary the tree (a specific tree)

an onion an error the error (a specific error)

"A" is used before words beginning with a consonant sound, and "an" before words with a vowel sound. This is an important distinction; it is not the spelling that determines whether to use "a" or "an», but the sound. .

an umbrella BUT a university

a radio BUT an R.C.A. record

an hour BUT a human being

ERRORS TO AVOID IN USING THE ARTICLE

Do not use the before "both":

NO: Let's see the both of them on Saturday.

YES: Let's see both of them on Saturday.

NO: He helped the both of them out of the car.

YES: He helped both of them out of the car.

Do not use a or an after phrases ending with "of», such as "kind of», "sort of», "type of», "manner of":

NO: What kind of a car did he buy?

YES: What kind of car did he buy?

NO: He was not that sort of a person.

YES: He was not that sort of person.

The following possessive forms of pronouns, "my», "our», "your», "her», "his», "its», "their" are also limiting adjectives. They help to define or limit the noun or the pronoun. Indefinite, demonstrative, interrogative and relative pronouns also function as adjectives when they modify a noun or pronoun.

Take this road.

Will you hand me some silverware?

Whose sweater is this?

That was my paper which won.

The girl whose purse was stolen was very upset.

NUMBER – PLURAL NOUNS

Most nouns can be singular or plural. The usual plural form adds "s" to the end of the word:

desk desks

book books

girl girls

lamp lamps

guest guests

idea ideas

letter letters

smile smiles

However, there are many exceptions to this guideline. After "y" preceded by a consonant, "y" changes to "i" and "es" is added:

forty forties ecstasy ecstasies

lady ladies category categories

country countries sky skies

baby babies secretary secretaries

cabby cabbies berry berries

economy economies fairy fairies

If the final “y” is preceded by a vowel, no change is made and the plural is formed by adding “s”;

money moneys decoy decoys

buy buys guy guys

attorney attorneys abbey abbeys

valley valleys boy boys

volley volleys monkey monkeys

If the last sound in the word is "s», "z», "ch», "sh», or "x», an "es" is added. The "es" is added so the word can be easily pronounced.

class classes branch branches

box boxes dish dishes

kiss kisses fish fishes

fox foxes ranch ranches

watch watches match matches

However, if the "ch" is pronounced "k», only "s" is added:

stomach stomachs monarch monarchs

epoch epochs

Often the final "fe" or "f" in one syllable words becomes "ves":

half halves

wife wives

life lives

leaf leaves

hoof hooves

calf calves

There are exceptions, of course:

chief chiefs

roof roofs

Many nouns have plural forms that are irregular:

child children goose geese

sheep sheep cherub cherubim

mouse mice deer deer

series series man men

foot feet ox oxen

For nouns ending in "o», add "s" or "es" to form the plural. These spellings must be memorized individually.

solo solos tomato tomatoes

piano pianos potato potatoes

studio studios

Finally, there are a number of foreign words that have become part of the language that retain their foreign plural form. There is a trend that Anglicizes the spelling of some of these plural forms by adding "s" to the singular noun. In the list that follows, the letter(s) in parentheses indicate the second acceptable spelling as listed by Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary.

axis axes

radius radii (radiuses)

bureau bureaux (s)

plateau plateaux (s)

larva larvae (s)

vertebra vertebrae (s)

crisis crises

parenthesis parentheses

criterion criteria (s)

phenomenon phenomena (s)

vortex vortices (es)

matrix matrices (es)

memorandum memorandums (a)

stratum strata

symposium symposia (s)

appendix appendices (es)

As you can see, there are many peculiarities associated with plural formation. It is advisable to have a dictionary on hand to check plural forms.

POSSESSIVE CASE

The possessive case of nouns is formed by adding an apostrophe and an "s" to words that do not end with an "s" or a "z" sound:

a fox's cunning anyone's choice

the girl’s dress the tree’s leaves

somebody’s letter the mother’s hope

the room’s colour the men’s store

the children’s game the M.D.’s charges

one's desire anybody else's way

nobody's business our school's record

Jeannie's grades Mr. Smith's hopes

The preference is to add only an apostrophe to words when they end in an "s" or "z" sound:

a lioness' strength the lynx' tail

the boys' bicycles the crocus' growth

the girls' dresses the Roberts' address

Burns' poems the hostess' gown

for goodness' sake Dickens' story

M.D.s' theories the Jones' house

However, it is also acceptable to add "s" if the sound is not unpleasant or difficult to pronounce:

a lioness's strength the lynx's tail

Burns's poems crocus's growth

the Roberts's address the hostess's gown

Dickens's story the Jones's house

the boys's bicycles the girls's dresses

for goodness's sake the M.D.s's theories

It is the sound that determines whether to add ('s) or only (').

THE "OF" PHRASE

When the possessive form refers to an animate object, such as a person, the addition of (') or ('s) to the noun is the standard procedure. However, an "of" phrase is most often preferred when the possession refers to an inanimate object.

TOEFL # 1

Directions.

Each sentence in this part has four words or phrases underlined. The four underlined parts of the sentences are marked A, B, C, D. You are to identify the one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten. Then , on your answer sheet , find the number of the problem and mark your answer.

1. The main
office of the factory can be found
in
Maple Street in
New York

A B C D

City.

2. Because there are less
members present tonight than
there were
last night, we

A B C

must wait until the next meeting to vote
.

3. David is particularly
fond of
cooking, and he often cooks
really
delicious

A B C D

dishes.

4. The progress
made
in space
travel for
the early 1960s is remarkable.

A B C D

5. Sandra has not rarely
missed a play
or concert since
she was seventeen years old
.

A B C D

6. The
governor has
not decided how to deal
with the new problems already
.

A B C D

7. There was
a
very interesting news on the radio
this morning about
the earthquake

A B C D

in Italy.

8. The professor had already given the homework assignment
when he had

A B

remembered
that Monday
was
a holiday.

B C D

9. Having been beaten by
the police for striking an officer
, the man
will cry out
in

A B C D

pain.

10. This table is not sturdy enough
to support
a television, and that one
probably

A B C

isn’t neither
.

11. The bridge was hitting
by a large ship during
a sudden
storm last
week.

A B C D

12. The company
representative sold to the manager
a sewing
machine for
forty

A B C D

dollars.

13. The taxi driver
told the man
to don’t allow
his disobedient son to hang out
of

A B C D

the window.

14. These televisions are quite
popular in
Europe, but those ones
are
not.

A B C D

15. Harvey seldom pays his bills
on time
, and his
brother does too
.

A B C D

16. The price of
crude oil used to be a great
deal lowe
r than now, wasn’t it?

A B C D

17. When an
university formulates new regulations
, it
must relay
its decision to the

A B C D

students and faculty.

18. Jim was upset
last night because
he had to do
too many homeworks
.

A B C D

19. There is
some scissors
in
the desk drawer in
the bedroom if you need them.

A B C D

20. The Board of Realtors doesn’t have any informations
about
the increase
in rent

A B C D

fo
r this area.

21. George is not enough intelligent
to pass
this
economics
class without help.

A B C D

22. There were
so much
people trying to leave the burning
building that
the police

A B C D

had a great deal of trouble controlling them.

23. John lived in
New York since
1960 to 1975, but he is now living
in
Detroit.

A B C D

24. The fire began in
the fifth
floor of
the hotel, but it soon spread
to adjacent

A B C D

floors.

25. Mrs. Anderson bought last week a new sports car
, however
, she has yet to

A B C

learn
how to operate
the manual gearshift.

TOEFL # 2

Directions.

1. The officials object to them wearing
long dresses for the inaugural dance

A B C

at the country club.

2. Janet is finally used to cook
on electric stove after having
a gas one for
so

A B C D

long
.

3. He knows
to repair the
carburetor without taking
the whole part

A B C

apart
.

4. Stuart stopped to write
his letter because
he had to leave for
the hospital
.

A B C D

5. She must retyping
the report before
she hands it
in to the
director of

A B C D

financing.

6. How much
times did Rick and Jennifer have
to do the experiment before

A B

they obtained the results
they had been expecting
.

C D

7. Each of the students
in the
accounting class has to type their
own

A B C D

research paper this semester.

8. Mrs. Stevens, along with her cousins from
New Mexico, are
planning to

A B C D

attend
the festivities.

9. They are
going to have
to leave soon
, and so do
we.

A B C D

10. All the students
are
looking forward spending
their
free time relaxing in the

A B C D

sun this summer.

11. Dresses, skirts, shoes, and children’s clothing
are advertised
at
great

A B C D

reduced prices this weekend.

12. Mary and her sister just
bought
two new
winters
coats at the clearance sale. A B C D

13. A
lunch of
soup and sandwiches do
not appeal to all
of the students.

A B C D

14. Some of us have to
study their
lessons more carefully
if we expect to pass

A B C D

this examination.

15. Mr. Peters used to think
of hisself
as the only
president of the company
.

A B C D

16. The instructor advised the students for
the procedures
to follow
in writing
the term paper. A B C D

17. Although both of them
are trying
to get
the scholarship, she has the

A B C

highest
grades.

18. The new technique calls
for heat
the mixture before applying it
to the

wood
. A B C D

19. The pilot and the crew
divided
the life preservers between
the twenty

A B C

frantic passengers.

20. A
five-thousand-dollars
reward was offered
for the capture of
the escaped

A B C D

criminals.

21. The equipment
in the office
was badly
in need of to be repaired.

A B C D

22. A
liter is one of the
metric measurements
, aren’t they?

A B C D

23. We thought he is
planning to go on vacation
after the
first of
the month.

A B C D

24. There are
a large supply of pens
and notebooks in the storeroom
to the

A B C D

left of
the library entrance.

25. The president refuses to accept
either
of the four new proposals
made by

A B C D

the contractors.

TOEFL # 3

Each sentence in this part has four words or phrases underlined. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A),(B), (C),(D). You are to identify the one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten.Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.

1.She wishes that we didn’t send
her the candy
yesterday because
she is on
a diet.

A B C D

2.They are planning on
attending
the convention next
month, and so I am.

A B C D

3.Today was such beautiful
day that I couldn’t bring myself
to complete
all

A B C

my chores.

4. While
they were
away at the beach, they allowed their neighbours
use
their

A B C D

barbeque grill.

5. The artist tried stimulate
interest in
painting by taking
his students to the

A B C D

museums.

6. Mumps are
a very common disease
which
usually
affects children.

A B C D

7. Nancy said that
she went
to
the supermarket before coming
home.

A B C D

8. Before
she moved here, Arlene had been
president of the
organization

A B C

since
four years.

9. Each of the
nurses report
to the operating room when his or her name

A B C

is called.

10. The athlete
, together with
his coach
and several relatives, are
travelling

A B C D

to the Olympic Games.

11. Professor Duncan teaches
both
anthropology
as well as sociology each fall.

A B C D

12. My brother is in
California on
vacation, but I wish he was
here so that he

A B C

could help me repair my car.

13.I certainly
appreciate him telling us
about the delay in delivering

A B C D

the materials because we had planned to begin work tomorrow.

14. The chemistry instructor explained the experiment in
such of a way
that

A B

it was
easily understood.

C D

15. Rudolph Nureyev has become
one of the greatest
dancer
that the ballet

A B C

world has ever known.

16. He has less
friends in his
classes now than
he had last year.

A B C D

17. The town we visited was
a four - days
journey from our hotel, so we took

A B C

the train instead of the
bus.

18. The influence of the nation’s
literature, art, and science
have
captured

A B C

widespread
attention.

19. The leader emphasized the need
for justice
and equality between
his

A B C

people.

20. Many
of the population in the rural areas
is composed of
manual labourers.

A B C D

21. Several people have
apparent
tried to change the man’s mind
, but he refuses

A B C

to listen.

22. Keith is one of the
most
intelligent boys of
the science
class.

A B C D

23. The girls were sorry
to had missed
the singers when
they arrived at
the

A B C D

airport.

24. When Keith visited Alaska, he lived
in a
igloo in the winter months
as well

A B C D

as
in the spring.

25. The harder he tried
, the worst
he danced
before the large
audience.

A B C D

TOEFL # 4

Each sentence in TOEFL 4 has four words or phrases underlined. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), (D). You are to identify the one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.

1. While searching
for the
wreckage of a
unindentified aircraft, the Coast Guard

A B C

encountered severe squalls at sea.

2. Although a number of police officers was guarding
the priceless treasures
in the

A B

museum, the director worried that someone would try to
steal
them.

C D

3. Since it was so difficult for
American Indians to negotiate
a peace treaty or

A B

declare war in their native language,
they used a universal
understood form of sign language. C D

4. Louis Braille designed a form of communication enabling
people to convey
and

A B

preserve their thoughts to incorporate
a series of dots which were read
by their finger tips. C D

5. While verbilization is the most common form
of language in existence,
humans

A B

make use of many others systems
and techniques to express
their thoughts and feelings. C D

6. The need for
a well-rounded education
was an idea espoused
by the Greeks in

A B C D

time of
Socrates.

7. Writers and media personnel
sell theirselves
best by the
impression given in their

A B C

verbal expression.

8. In the spirit
of the naturalist
writers, that author’s
work portrays man’s struggle

A B C

for surviving.

9. Stephen Crane’s story
is a
clinical portrayal of man as an animal
trapped by the

A B C D

fear
and hunger.

10. Their silly, whiny conversation on a child level
was meant to create
tension and

A B

heighten
Nancy’s fears
and anxiety.

C D

11. For a long time, this
officials have been known
throughout the country as

A B C

political bosses and law enforcers.

12. Nora hardly never
misses an
opportunity to play
in
the tennis tournaments.

A B C D

13. Air pollution, together with
littering, are
causing many
problems in our large,

A B C D

industrial cities today.

14. Because of
the severe snow storm and the road blocks, the
air force dropped

A B C

food
and medical supplies close the city.

15. Hummingbirds are the only birds
capable to fly
backward as well as
forward,

A B C D

up and down.

16. The
news of the president’s treaty negotiations with the foreign government

were
received with the mixed emotions
by the citizens of both governments.

B C D

17. Angie’s bilingual ability and previous experience were
the qualities that

A B

which
helped her
get the job over all the other
candidates.

C D

18. Joel
giving up smoking has caused him to gain
weight and become irritable

A B C D

with his acquaintances.

19. They asked me what did happen last night,
but I was unable to
tell them.

A B C D

20. The test
administrator ordered we
not to open
our books until he told us to do so.
A B C D

21. Our new
neighbours had been living
in Arizona since
ten years before

A B C D

moving

to
their present house.

22. I would of
attended the meeting of the planning
committee last week, but I had

A B C

to deliver
a speech at a convention.

C D

23. We are suppose to
read all of chapter
seven and answer
the questions

A B C

for tomorrow’s class.

24. The explanation that our
instructor gave us
was different than
the one you

A B C D

gave me.

25. In the sixteenth
century, Spain became involved in foreign
wars with several

A B C

other
European countries and could not find the means of finance
the battles that

ensued.

TOEFL #5

Each sentence in this part has four words or phrases underlined. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), (D). You are to identify the one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.

1 .Most
Americans wouldn't be happy without
a
colour television, two cars,

A B C

and working at
an extra job.

2. The
lion has long
been a
symbol of strength, power, and it is very cruel
.

A B C D

3. All
the scouts got theirselves
ready for the
camping trip by spending their

A B C

weekends living
in the open.

4. Nobody had known
before the
presentation that Sue and her sister will

A B C

receive
the
awards for outstanding scholarship.

5. In 1927 Charles Lindbergh was
the first to fly
solo nonstop from New

A B

York to Paris in
such short time
.

C D

6 .Until
his last class at the university in 1978, Bob always turns
in all of
his

A B C

assignments on
time.

7 .When I last
saw Janet, she hurried
to her next class on the other
side of

A B C

the campus and did not have
time to talk.

8. Before we returned
from swimming in their river near the camp, someone

had stole
our clothes, and we had to walk back
with our towels around
us.

B C D

9. Patrick was very late getting home
last night, and unfortunately for him

A B

the dog
barking woke everyone up
.

C D

10. He has been hoped
for a raise for the last
four months, but his boss is

A B

reluctant to give
him one
.

C D

11. After driving
for twenty miles, he suddenly realized
that he has been

A B C

driving
in
the wrong direction.

12. The
Department of Foreign Languages are
not located in
the new

A B C

building opposite
the old one.

13. The Nobel prize winning candidate, accompanied by
his wife and

children, are
staying in Sweden until
after
the presentation.

B C D

14. Neither of the
scout leaders know
how to trap wild animals or
how to

A B C

prepare them for mounting
.

15. Those of
you who signed up for
Dr. Daniel's anthropology class should

A B

get their
books as soon as possible
.

C D

16. I put my new book of zoology
here on the
desk a few minutes ago
, but I

A B C

cannot seem to find it.

17. Martha
being chosen
as the most understanding
student on her campus

A B C

made her parents
very happy.

18. Jane said she would borrow
me
her new movie camera if I wanted
to use

A B C

on my trip
to Europe.

19. When Cliff was sick
with the flu, his mother made him
to eat
chicken

A B C

soup and rest
in bed.

20. My cousin composes not only
the music, but
also sings the songs
for the

A B C

major
Broadway musicals.

21. The
geology professor showed us
a sample about
volcanic rock which

A B C

dated back
seven hundred years ago.

22. The
girl whom
my cousin married was used
to be a chorus girl for the

A B C D

Rockettes in Radio City Music Hall in New York.

23 .Ralph has called
his lawyer last night to tell
him about his problems, but

A B

was told that
the lawyer had gone
to a lecture.

C D

24 .Some bumper stickers are
very funny and make us laugh,
yet another

A B C

can make us angry because of their ridiculousness
.

25. The
results of the test proved to
Fred and me
that we needed to study

A B C

harder and watch less
movies on television if we wanted to receive

scholarships.

TOEFL # 6

Each sentence in this part has four words or phrases underlined. The four underlined parts are marked (A), (B), (C), (D). You are to identify the one

underlined phrase that should be corrected or rewritten. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.

1. The Department of Fine Arts and Architecture has
been criticized for not

having
much
required courses scheduled for
this semester.

B C D

2. The information officer at the bank
told
his customers that
there was

A B C D

several different kinds of checking accounts available.

3. The examination will test
your ability to understand spoken
English, to

A B

read non-technical language, and writing
correctly
.

C D

4. When he was
a little boy, Mark Twain would walk
along the piers, watch

A B C

the river boats, swimming
and fish in the Mississippi, much like his famous

character, Tom Sawyer.

5. Neither of the two candidates who
had applied
for admission to
the

A B C

Industrial Engineering Department were
eligible for scholarships.

6. Upon reading
Innocents Abroad
by
Mark Twain, one begins to

A B

understand
the value of your
common sense.

C D

7. Historically
there
has been
only
two major factions in the Republican

A B C D

Party – the liberals and the conservatives.

8. Whitman wrote Leaves of Grass
as a tribute to the Civil War who had laid
on the

battlefields and whom
he had seen
while serving
as an army nurse.

B C D

9. Despite of
many
attempts to introduce
a universal language, notably

A B C

Esperanto and Idiom Neutral, the effort has met with very little
success.

10. In England
as early as
the twelfth century,
young boys enjoyed to play

A B C D

football.

11. Vaslav Nijinsky achieved
world recognition as
both a dancer
as well as

A B C D

a choreographer.

12. Airports must be located
near to
major population centres for the

A B

advantage of air transportation
to be retained.

C D

13. It is said
that Einstein felt very
badly
about the application of his

A B C

theories to
the creation of weapons of war.

14. The plants that they
belong
to the family of ferns are
quite varied in

A B C

their
size and structure.

15. All of we
students must have
an identification card in order to check

A B

books out
of
the library.

C D

16. Columbus Day is celebrated
on
the twelve
of October because
on that

A B C D

day in 1492, Christopher Columbus first landed in the Americas.

17. This vase has the same
design, but it is different
shaped
from
that one.

A B C D

18. A
good artist like
a good engineer learns from their
mistakes in order to

A B C D

improve.

19. When they have been
frightened
, as, for example, by
an electrical storm,

A B C

dairy cows may refuse giving
milk.

20. No other
quality is more important for
a scientist to acquire as
to

A B C

observe carefully.

21. Fertilizers are used
primarily
to enrich soil
and increasing
yield.

A B C D

22. In the relatively
short history of industrial developing
in the United

A B C

States,
New York City has played
a vital role.

23. For the first time in the history of the country the person which
was

A B

recommended
by the president to replace
a retiring
justice on the Supreme

B C D

Court is a woman.

24. The prices of homes are
as
high that most
people cannot afford to buy

A B C

them
.

25. There are
twenty species of wild roses in North America, all of which

have
prickly stems, pinnate leaves, and large flowers, which
usually smell

B C

sweetly
.

TOEFL # 7

DIRECTIONS: In questions 1 - 25 each sentence has four underlined words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase which is incorrect and must be changed to make the sentence correct. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the answer you have chosen.

1. Even after having their
grandchildren live
with them for ten years, the couple felt

A B

that rising
children these days was
the most difficult of all family matters.

C D

2. The most important cash crop
of the farmers in Iraq is
dates, which
Iraq is the

A B C

world's leading
exporter.

3. More
has been learned about the Moon that
any other of the Earth's neighbors in

A B

space because of the Apollo program, which enabled
men to walk on the Moon and

bring back hundreds of pounds
of rocks.

4. Despite
the variety that the average
family has in meat
, fish, poultry, and vegetarian

A B C

recipes, they find
most meals unexciting.

5. The speaker ought not have criticized
the paraprofessionals, knowing
fully well that

A B

they were seated in
the audience
.

C D

6. Although
there are 48 sounds in the spoken
English language, there are 26 letters

A B

only
to express these sounds in the
written language.

C D

7. Iceland has
the oldest parliament, which goes as far back to
930 A.D. when

"Althing», the
legislative assembly, was
established.

8. The young woman often wondered
where at
the
estuary did the
river formed

A B C D

little rivulets.

9. The only problem with
the debate last week was that it had beginning
to sound more

A B

like
a personal attack than
a dispassionate, intellectual argument.

C D

10. Susan Jones was at
the bus stop well on
time to catch
the 7:01 bus, but had to miss

A B C

her breakfast to do it
.

11. As
her father could not drive
her to the airport, she requested her uncle take her

A B C

instead of her father
.

12. Plays that
stress the
illogical or irrational aspects of experience usually to show
the

A B C

pointlessness of modern life
.

13. A
famous collection of Persian, Indian, and Arabian folktales, the Arabian Nights

it was
supposedly told by the legendary
queen Scheherazade to her husband every night

B C D

for 1001 days.

14. What may
the oldest fossil foot print yet found
was discovered in
June 1968 by

A B C

William J. Meister, an amateur fossil collector
.

15. Most of us think of sharks as
danger
, due to a lack of
information rather than fear
.

A B C D

16. When ionizing radiation penetrates living tissue
, it wreaks havoc on the atoms and

molecules in
its path, setting off
a chain of events that can destroy living cells, or make

B C

them function abnormal
.

17. Numerous
differences in skeletons and musculature distinguish the
two groups,

A B

along
the fact that loons, unlike
waterfowl, cannot walk well on

C D

18. Most women have the capacity of bearing
children even after
the age 30, but doctors

A B

advise
them to have children sooner.

C D

19. The discovery of
the connection between
aspirin and Reye's syndrome, a rare and

A B

deadly disease, is
a recent example of the caution which
drugs must be used, even for

C D

medical purposes.

20. My parents moved out
of their old home sometimes
last year after they

A B

had celebrated
their
fiftieth anniversary there.

C D

21. The library she worked in
borrowed
books, magazines, audio cassettes, and maps to

A B

its
patrons, who
could keep them for four weeks.

C D

22. The most common question that
people ask
a fiction writer is whether or not
has

A B C D

he experienced what he has written about.

23. At
the World Literacy Center, an
organization that works to help people read, the

A B

volunteers work hardly
, enabling
them to successfully reach their goals.

С D

24. The officers made it clear that they were leaving
her go only on the
grounds that

A B C

she was old and not
because she was above suspicion.

25. The book, which
is a useful guide for today's young people, is dealing
with many

A B

questions and problems that confront
them at school and at
home as well as in society.

C D

TOEFL #8

DIRECTIONS: In questions 1 - 25 each sentence has four underlined words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (0, and (D). Choose the one word or phrase which is incorrect and must be changed to make the sentence correct. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the answer you have chosen.

1. The lab's
conversational desk top is a
voice-controlled computer system that

A B C

acts like an automatic receptionist, personal secretary, and travel agent which

screening all calls, taking messages, and making airline reservations.

2. Even among the general public, consciousness has been
raised high enough

so that
anyone sporting finery made from the skins of an endangered animal run

B C

the risk of at least a verbal
assault.

3. Coastal erosion is the only
natural process
that has altered
the world's

A B C

shorelines ever since the oceans formed first
some three billion years ago.

4. Surveys note
however, that the elderly are frequent victims of certain types of

crimes,
like
purse-snatching
.

B C D

5. Noise is external and excessive
stimulus that increases
rather
than

A B C D

decreases your tension.

6. Although
teachers around the world are separated by
thousands of
miles,

A B C

their methods of trying to encourage children to write springs
from a common source. D

7. The professor managed to attending
to the needs of
his family while

A B

working
day and night for the prestigious
award.

C D

8. Jan later laughs about
having fel
l into
the pond, although she was very

A B C

embarrassed about it then
.

9. Only one egg hatched after twenty-eight days, while
all the
others
hatched

A B C

after twenty-ninth day
.

10. A few and
the
50 stamps that my sister had were
either for sale or trade
.

A B C D

11. My grandmother could never understand why I preferred
a 20-stories

A B

building to
a rambling house in
the fields.

C D

12. "The Starlight Cafe" is
a good place for
order seafood but
not
to order meat.

A B C D

13. The
legendary Robin Hood used
to steal from the rich people to
give to

A B C

all poor.

14. Although the poor families are fast learning
the new trade, the lack of

A B

education are
hampering their
advancement.

C D

15. In the event
something happening to
the family, the lawyer
assured her that

A B C

the house would go to
her friend.

16. The entire city
except
the western section is
being plunge
into darkness for

A B C D

the night.

17. Frank and Anna Johnson had
a daughter who were
born in 1950, but who

A B

died
a few years later
.

C D

18. Americans tend to embody to what
many is
a curious combination of

A B

admiration for
their political system in general and disdain for its
particular

C D

operations.

19. I have been
having headaches so often later
that
I think I ought to
see a

A B C D

doctor.

20. Thousands
years ago, the world had several ice ages,
or periods
of time

A B C

when the climate was very cold and thick sheets of ice covered much
of the earth.

21. Hunger
is not
an unavoidable phenomena
as are death and taxes
. A B C D

22. Peter Weir, the prominen
t Australian filmmaker and screenplay writer, and

A B

was planning
to visit the United States to make
a film.

C D

23. While most Americans may admire a person who speaks
more than one

language,
most of them do not place any value on
learning another language

B C

themself
.

24. Having spent
his childhood longing for books, Andrew Carnegie realized

their value and went on to become
the largest donor of funds the American

B C

public library system has ever had donors
.

25. The survival instinct
of cockroaches are
so great that they are
known to

A B C

reproduce even within
a ring of fire.

TOEFL # 9

DIRECTIONS: In questions 1 – 25 each sentence has four underlined words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase which is incorrect and must be changed to make the sentence correct. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the answer you have chosen.

1. Foreigners who understand the styles of American communication will far

less likely be
to contribute
to misunderstandings and negative feelings, and their

A B C

opportunities for constructive interaction will be
much greater.

2. Once the
province of aging screen stars and wealthy
, cosmetic surgery now

A B

attracts middle-class office workers, many
in their 30s and 40s, and many of

them men
.

3. Self-educated philosopher
and orphan who wearily travelled
China advocating

A B

the traditional Chinese way of life, Confucious survived all three of his children

and never
fulfilled his life-long
search for a government post in which he could

C D

demonstrate his teachings.

4. Neither too much
rest nor
a
diet of rich food are
good for the body.

A B C D

5. Associated with
Afro-American music has been the
lively and
sentimental

A B C

minstrel songs written by composers such as
Steven Foster and James Bland.

6. Once considered a luxury, the
video recorder has become
a necessary
even

A B C D

for
middle class all over America.

7. Columbus landed on
an island in
the Caribbean Sea, off the coast of North

A B

America, in
October 12, 1492 and thought he had reached India
.

C D

8. The
commission’s report suggested to
the agricultural countries that
continue

A B C

with their own farming methods instead of blindly adopting
the methods of

developed, industrial countries. D

9. The Classic Maya who considered
the numbers and the days in their calendar

as a
procession of Gods who marched
along an eternal trail with
no beginning

B C D

to no end.

10. Like most other modern instruments, the European lute was
merely a

refinement of a
New Eastern model which reached
at Europe during
the Middle

B C D

Ages through Spain and the Islamic conquests.

11. For years, Somerset Maugham was the most popular short-story writer in

English, and his stories, like
those of Maupassant is
directness and firm

B C

structure, are still widely read
.

12. Most animals feed
is
made from a mixture of corn and wheat chaff rather

A B C

than
chemicals.

13. Almost 20 percent
of Finland’s population, closely
900,000 people, live in

A B

the ten-region
metropolitan area of
Helsinki.

C D

14. An American’s
faith in the rule of law explains the conviction which many

held, and
many foreigners couldn’t understand, that
president Nixon should be

B C

removed from office
as a result of his behavior in connection with what was

called the “Watergate Scandal”.

15. As
small talk, housewives, whose
numbers are steadily decreasing in

A B

American society, are liking
to talk about their
children, if they have any, or

C D

about household matters or personal care.

16. The dam used
as a drinking water reservoir until recently, when
the oil spill

A B

from an exploding
tanker made the water unusable
.

C D

17. Each specialized group coins
new words: while
some of these spread

A B

quickly especially
when they are picked up by newspapers and the television

and radio media, others of these
may become popular only in one city or

geographic region.

18. On
the basis of annual flow combined with considerable
height,

A B

Guaira, located between
Brazil and Paraguay, is the world’s greater
waterfall.

C D

19. By having
faxed the synopsis, she only needed
to follow it up
with the

A B C

full-length
manuscript.

20. When given a
choice between a microwave and
an exercise machine,

A B

Patricia said she could
rather have the former
.

C D

21. If early
arrival of the doctor or ambulance is expected
, try not to medical

A B

administering
assistance on
your own.

C D

22. A recent study
of woodpeckers may have solved
their
mystery of why these

A B C

birds do not suffer brain damage or concussions as
they hammer.

23. It had been
a long tradition between
the Montague family and the Capulet

A B

family to quarrel with
one another
.

C D

24. Wholely
the book was less interesting than
the individual sections

A B

describing
the struggles faced
by the cavemen.

C D

25. Although the justices have been
tolerant in the past, in recent years the

majority have voted
to permit the search of student
possessions without a

B C

warrant, a result
of the excessive drug abuse in school campuses.

TOEFL # 10

1. Walt Disney was used
to make numerous
visits to Disneyland to find out
what

A B C

the needs and interests of the public were
.

2. If James B. Connolly would not take
part in
the
first modern Olympic Games, in

A B C

1896, he might have graduated
from Harvard.

3. Margaret Sanger made the people to see
the
need for
birth control
.

A B C D

4. If we continue to exploit
nature there should
not be
enough resources left for

A B C D

future generations.

5. I have not
learned cycling
as I have been afraid of falling
and hurting me
.

A B C D

6. It is imperative
that all processed
food be approving
by the Food and Drug

A B C

Administration for hygienic
standards.

7. Not much
scientists have the time or
the verbal
skills required
to become literary

A B C D

writers.

8. Although coal has to been
in use since
prehistoric times, it is only
since the 18th

A B C

century that coal mining
has become a major industry.

9. For best results
eggs and cheese should
be cooked over
gentle heat, isn’t it
?

A B C D

10. Although it started
life as an apprentice to
a soap boiler, William Colgate was

A B C

to become
immortalized in toilet products
.

C D

11. The kinds of trees
that shed
their
leaves in autumn are known
as deciduous

A B C D

trees.

12. The plants
make
their own food through a process
called photosynthesis
.

A B C D

13. Science has transformed the planet but
literature has not paid
enough amount of

A B C

attention
to how scientists have lived and worked
.

14. The prime meridian which passes
through
Greenwich, in
England, is the same

A B C D

the Greenwich meridian.

15. There
is usually
no charge for using
a library but however
for overdue charges

A B C D

and certain specialized services.

16. Tom does not
agree that TV watching is
in any way useful
and so does Henry
.

A B C D

17. A cuckoo always never
hatches
its
eggs but leaves them
in another bird’s nest

A B C D

to be hatched by that bird.

18. Recalling his interview with
the actor, Henabery Brownlow says that he does

A B

expect
the actor to talk
for four hours
.

C D

19 .Chaplin had wanted some reels of his films
to be destroyed but
he
had been

A B C

saved by his manager
.

20. For to commemorate
the dog Nipper, whose
picture
appears on old

A B C

gramophone records, a brass plaque marks
his grave.

21. Businesses are finding
a word processor invaluable
as text can be
stored in it,

A B C

reused indefinitely and modification
easily.

22. The gingko
is
an ornamental decorativ
e tree that was
first imported from China

A B C D

and Japan.

23. Leavening
agents such as
baking powder are
used to make bread and cake

A B C

raise
.

24. Most neighborhood
agreed
that there should not be a shopping mal
l next to

A B C D

the park.

25. Peristalsis is
the squeeze movemen
t of the muscle
s in the gullet
.

A B C D

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS

TOEFL # 1 (HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT)

Each sentence in this part has four words or phrases underlined. The four underlined parts of the sentences are marked A,B,C,D. You are to

identify the one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or

rewritten. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.

1. The following day
their father suddenly
announced them
that he

A B C

was leaving.

2. In my opinion,
women who go out
to work don’t have enough

A B C

time to do the homework.

3. She told me gossips
about all
her relations.

A B C D

4. I took up gymnastic
when I was at school
.

A B C D

5. I spent
two months
travelling around
United Kingdom
.

A B C D

6. He was tired
of people saying him what to do.

A B C D

7. She is studying
history in Oxford University.

A B C D

8. I suggest you
to tak
e more
exercise.

A B C D

9. When the policeman had gone,
she burst
in tears.

A B C D

10. The whole world
watched
the cup final
on televisions.

A B C D

11. He told
that he hadn’t eaten anything
for over
a week.

A B C D

12. Climbing the Mount Fuji
in winter can be very
dangerous.

A B C D

13. I got off
my car to inspect
the
damage.

A B C D

14. Nobody
know
why the
ship sank.

A B C D

15. I have always dreamed
to visit new
countries.

A B C D

16. She would stay
in
the rain and feel the drops to fall
slowly on her face
.

A B C D

17. After rising
the multicoloured flags
to mark the beginning of the competition the

A B

chairman of the club
spoke
before the sportsmen.

C D

18. My grandfather had been looking for
his newspaper for almost half an hour until

A B

finally he found
it laying
on his bedtable.

C D

19. Despite of
her fear , Susan thinks that she will have to cross
the channel in
a

A B C

motorboat tonight.

20. It is difficult to get used to have
so little food
during the voyage after eating
a

A B C

hearty dinner at home daily
.

TOEFL (HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT) #2

Each sentence in this part has four words or phrases underlined. The four underlined parts of the sentences are marked A,B,C,D. You are to identify the one
underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten.

Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.

1. The world’s
most serious
ecological problem is
the
pollution.

A B C D

2. My job
provides
me the opportunity
to meet new
people every day.

A B C D

3. Children enjoy telling and listening
to ghosts stories,
especially
on Halloween night.
A B С D

4. No one would have attended
the lecture if you told
the truth about
the guest

A B C D

speaker.

5. We had better to review
this chapter carefully
, because we will have some

A B C

questions on it on our
test tomorrow.

6. There’s a
new
Oriental restaurant in town,
isn’t it?

A B C D

7. It was him who
came running into the classroom
with the news.

A B C D

8. My brother
doesn’t care how much does the car cost
because
he is going to

A B C D

buy
it anyway.

9. Mary and her
sister studied
biology last year,
and so does Jean.

A B C D

10. Writers
like
William Shakespeare and Edgar Allan Poe are
not only prolific

A B C

but too interesting.

11.I decided to stay in
my bed
this
morning.

A B C D

12. Last year my parents and I
have been
to
England for a month.

A B C D

13. In the beginning of
the century people
travelled from
Britain to Egypt
by

A B C D

sea.

14. We await for
your reply and apologize
for
any inconvenience.

A B C D

15. People
go there when
they are not able
any more to look after themselves.

A B C D

16. My mother never
listens
what
I say.

A B C D

17. Long time
ago
there was a
queen named
Isabel.

A B C D

18. If Peter would have studied
English properly at the university
he would not have

A B

any
problems speaking
at the conference.

C D

19.Our guide must have met
us at the station
but he had missed his train and arrived

A B C

late
.

20. Anybody who
plans
to join the expedition mentioned
ought come
for an interview

A B C D

with the head of the group.

TOEFL (HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT) # 3

Each sentence in this part has four words or phrases underlined. The four underlined parts of the sentences are marked A,B,C,D. You are to identify the one
underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.

1.I think
she didn’t understand
what
you said.

A B C D

2. Will you be at home
on
this
Sunday afternoon?

A B C D

3.I managed
to drive the
car till
the nearest
hospital.

A B C D

4. Without a full-time work
some people do not think it is
worth
living.

A B C D

5.I am hiring
a
small house near
the
University.

A B C D

6. The children were playing
marbles on
the
kitchen’s
floor.

A B C D

7. Only very wealthy
tourists can afford
to stay
at Imperial Hotel.

A B C D

8. Late one evening
, as I was getting
into
the bath, suddenly I heard
a strange

A B C D

noise.

9. Next July
I am going to the
United States to continue
my study.

A B C D

10. For
some reason they didn’t receive
the fax and your letter hasn’t arrived

A B C

too.

11. The Smiths
soon got used to
live in
the countryside.

A B C D

12. I had the
brilliant idea to invite
Sonia
to
my party.

A B C D

13. I am being trained
to look after
ill
children.

A B C D

14. As soon as
I arrived at home
, I knew that something
was
wrong.

A B C D

15. All the
pupils of our class
spent the afternoon
at the historic
museum.

A B C D

16. In Argentina, Christmas celebrations
are completely
different as
the
ones in

A B C D

England.

17. Rio has another
important sights such
as the
famous football stadium.

A B C D

18. Some
women stay at home
to take care
after
the children.

A B C D

19. The former
Soviet Union comprised of
fifteen union
republics.

A B C D

20. My parents couldn’t
afford paying
for
my
education.

A B C D

TOEFL (HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT) # 4

Each sentence in this part has four words or phrases underlined. The four underlined parts of the sentences are marked A,B,C,D. You are to identify the one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.

1. In
their free time they do
nothing except going
from one cafeteria to

A B C

another.

2. Excuse me.
I didn’t know that
you wanted
to speak to me
.

A B C D

3. Her daughter wants
to leave the school
and get
married.

A B C D

4. I promised to meet Nick
at
the
exhibition a week after.

A B C D

5. I ’d just like to say
goodbye
and wish you
a
good luck.

A B C D

6. I avoid to use
a
computer for
personal
letters.

A B C D

7. We had
to describe the
pictures each other.

A B C D

8. Why did you get engaged
with
Paul if you don’t want to marry
him.

A B C D

9.I have been learning
English for
an
hour when my brother’s
friend came.

A B C D

10. He asked me
how many exams had I passed
and how many exams I

A B

should
have to
take at the end of the term.

C D

11. His mother told him don’t touch
the
sweets she had put
on the table an

A B C D

hour before.

12 . Tomorrow by two o’clock in
the afternoon we’ll take
a
test in
this subject.

A B C D

13. When I began to teach
at the
Institute the students in my group have been

A B C

studying
English for
two years.

14. The house had already built
when my parents’
friends
came
to live there.

A B C D

15. If I ever visit
Canada,
I’ll go there when it will be
warm.

A B C D

16. Not many of us
succeed
to achieve our
ambitions.

A B C D

17 .Many people think
that television
is a
very powerful media.

A B C D

18 .The demonstration was attended
by
several hundreds of
people.

A B C D

19. The scenery reminded
her
of
a painting of
Renoir.

A B C D

20. If a developing country
will become
a developed country, it has
to attract

A B C

foreign
investors.

TOEFL (HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT) # 5

Each sentence in this part has four words or phrases underlined. The four underlined parts of the sentences are marked A,B,C,D. You are to identify the one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.

1. A few
articles in his book are of very little
interest, but this one deserves

A B

much more attention
than the others ones.

C D

2. My brother sold his old red car
after he had bought hisself
another
one
.

A B C D

3. All those
new silk dresses
are too loose for she
to wear now.

А В С D

4. The latest
results of the work performed
by the scientists of our research

A B C

institute
are praised high.

5. Twice a week
brothers of Alan
play badminton in the evening
with Lily and me
.

A B C D

6. Our white Angora cat
was sleeping last night somewhere outside
when suddenly

A B C

it started to rain heavily.

7. If you all
don't turn in those
homework on Monday
your teacher will be angry.

А В С D

8. At first
my father wanted to buy in the morning a couple of newspapers
but later

A B C

he decided to get a new American magazine .

9. Because
Helen and Lucy had done all
the work theirselves
they did not want to

A B C

share the results with Jane.

10. Many
sportsmens
would like to take part in the forthcoming Olympic Games

А В С

next year.

11. Your helpfu
l advices
came late
this time.

А В С D

12. Go and buy a few milk
and some
butter in the nearest
shop if they have any

A B C D

left.

13. Today's press
published a few
news about t he government's decision

A B C

concerning state traffic system reconstruction.

14. Many
food, clothes and some other
goods have become more expensive

A B C

nowadays.

15. The
police is
waiting for your son's arriva
l outside the gates
.

А В С D

16. Your black Alsatian dog
was the more beautiful
of
the three winners at
the last

А В С D

exhibition.

17. He felt sadly
about not giving Sally his new English dictionary
when she

А В

needed it so
badly
.

C D

18. Yours
son and mine
will play in the same football team
next month
and so does

А В С D

John.

19. When father's little old car
was going fast
our cat always started
to mew loud.

А В С D

20. The board of directors
have
voted in favour of the proposed project
at the end

А В С D

of
meeting.

TOEFL (HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT) # 6

Each sentence in this part has four words or phrases underlined. The four underlined parts of the sentences are marked A,B,C,D. You are to identify the one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.

1. You are
a bit early
, this evening the concert
is starting
at 19.30.

А В С D

2. The next problem that
we have to think about
is where do we find
the people we

А В С

need
for our investigation.

3. My sister was tasting
a cake, found
it delicious
and asked about
the

А В С D

recipe.

4. It has been a long time
since
we first met,
isn't it
?

А В С D

5. The students have finished
translating this text at the previous lesson
and now

А В

they will begin
to read another one.

С D

6. Tom went skiing
after
he has passed
the last
exam.

А В С D

7. Jane we'll go
to the new Chinese
restaurant tonight
. Are you coming
with us?

A B C D

8. Alex, is it
true
that your younger
daughter gets married
next week?

А В С D

9. "She isn't
going
to London in summer,
is she?'' "Yes, she i
sn't».

А В С D

10. The young artist had so little money
that
he couldn't hardly
buy himself
new

А В С D

brushes.

11. The customs officers were working
so slowly
that John thought it will take
him

А В С

about an hour to have his luggage checked.

12. The pupils will divide
into
two groups, one group will write
the test in the

A B C

morning, the other
in the afternoon.

13. His brother is studied
foreign languages at
one of the oldest British
universities,

А В С

so am I.

14. They hardly never
go to this cafe in the afternoon
because there are
too many

A B C D

people there.

15. Many new schools and a number of colleges are being opened
in
our country

А В С

this year
.

16. The question has repeated
twice by the teacher, but still no
pupil could think
of

A B C

a proper answer.

17. While
I was
cooking dinner my sisters come
suddenly into the kitchen and told me

А В С

this
sad news.

18. A short time before
our long sea voyage
last
autumn my wife was seeing
a terrible

A B C D

storm in a dream.

19. Now that
my younger
brother has successfully passed his entrance exams he

А В

was eager
to begin his classes as soon as possible.

С D

20. The problems that
discovered
after the professor's death
had not been discussed by

A B C

his pupils until recently.

21. After being read
the article I became interested
in the subject mentioned
and

А В С

wanted to learn
more about the author.

22. No one
would have gone
to that concert yesterday if only
we knew
the choice of

A B C D

the singers.

23. I don't worry about Tom
keeping
our secret, he never talks
much.

A B C D

24. Oliver's younger daughter
is thinking of become
a music teacher
when she grows up.

A B C D

25. You should to go
home early,
because our car will come
for you at 6 o'clock sharp.

А В С D

26. I wish the weather was not
rainy and cold so that
the children could go
to play

А В С

in the garden for a little while.

27. My brother decided to work
in a research institute
after graduate
from
the

А В С D

university.

ЛИТЕРАТУРA

1. Берман И.М. Грамматика английского языка. М.: Высшая школа, 1994.

2. Брискин Р.У. Артикли и их употребление в современном английском языке. Киев: Вища школа, 1978.

3. Выборова Г.Е., Махмурян К.С., Мельчина О.П. Проверь себя! Тесты по английскому языку. М.: АСТ-ПРЕСС, 1997.

4. Гордон Е.М., Крылова И.П. Употребление артиклей в английском языке. М.: Международные отношения, 1964.

5. Егорова С.Н., Арутюнян Е.К., Степанова О.Н. Сборник упражнений для закрепления лексики и грамматики английского языка. М., “Лист”, 1997.

6. Качалова К.Н., Израилевич Е.Е. Практическая грамматика английского языка. М.: Юнвес, 1995.

7. Каушанская В.Л., Ковнер Р.Л. и др. Грамматика английского языка.

Л.: Просвещение, 1967.

8. Клементьева Т.Б. Повторяем времена английского глагола. Киев, 1995.

9. Крылова И.П., Крылова Е.В. Практическая грамматика английского языка. М.: ЧеРо, 1997.

10. Кузьменкова Ю. Б. Tests, Texts and Topics for your English Exams. Обнинск: Титул, 2001.

11. Майкл А.П., Мэри Э. М.. TOEFL (TEST OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE): Пособие для подготовки к экзаменам по английскому языку для иностранцев, изд-во «Премьер», 1991.

12. Павлоцкий В.М., Тимофеева Т.М. Практикум по грамматике английского языка. Санкт-Петербург: Оракул, 1997.

13. Успенская Н.В., Михельсон Т.Н. Практический курс грамматики английского языка. Санкт-Петербург: Специальная литература, 1995.

14. Цветкова И.В., Клепальченко И.А., Мыльцева Н.А. Английский язык для школьников и поступающих в вузы: письменные тесты. – М.: Глосса, 1998.

15. Шубин Э.П., Сытель В.В. Грамматика английского языка. М.:Просвещение, 1968.

ЗАРУБЕЖНАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА

1. Burton N.D., Heaton J.B. Longman Dictionary of Common Errors.

British National Corpus. Longman Network. 1996.

2. Gear J. Cambridge Preparation for the TOEFL Test. Cambridge University Press, 1996.

2. Murphy R. English Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press, 1994.

4. Swan M. Practical English Usage. Oxford University Press. 1984.

6. TOEFL (TEST OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE). New Jersey: REA, 1999.

3. Wilfred F., Lewis N. 30 Days to a More Powerful Vocabulary.

1991.

5. Wittels H., Greisman J. The Clear and Simple Thesaurus Dictionary. Publishers Grosset & Dulnup, New York. 1992.

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Название реферата: Пособие обсуждено и утверждено на заседании кафедры методики преподавания истории “ ” 2001 г. Заведующий кафедрой Лис Н. А