РефератыИностранный языкYoYoung Offenders Act In Canada Essay Research

Young Offenders Act In Canada Essay Research

Young Offenders Act In Canada Essay, Research Paper


The subject of young offenders in our troubled society has been one


that has generated many hours of thought and meditation for


concerned members. It is felt by many that the change needed in the


area of delinquency within the First Nations culture is to overcome the


effects of colonization and this must begin with the youth. It is with the


youth that the future of the culture lies.


There has been extensive research done in this area and


although much of the material is not directed at one specific culture in


society, the facts remain that it is a problem that is growing in


epidemic proportions. Many of the programs that exist in society today


do not address the problems associated with young offenders of


specific cultures. Although the trend is moving in a direction that


addresses programs for specific cultural groups much more emphasis


must be put on these programs.


For First Nations youth that are locked into the juvenile system,


there must be alternative treatment programs made available that


deal with the problems associated with the colonization process that


generations of First Nations people have been subjected to. The


process of decolonization will only be achieved through education,


understanding, and perseverance, and this can only be achieved by


First Nations people working with First Nations people.


As indicated earlier much research has been done on the


problems associated with young offenders and the current treatment


programs. In the following research some of the most recent and


important pieces have been used and to eliminate repetition much has


been deemed unnecessary.


Cooke, David J., Baldwin, Pamela J., Howison, Jacqueline. (1990).


Psychology in Prisons. London: Routledge.


In the second chapter of this book the authors explain in detail


the psychology of criminal behavior and how it develops at a young


age. Early environment of the adolescent, along with socio-economic


status of the young offenders are but a few of the possibilities


explored in this book. The authors explore the many influences that


can shape the lives of young people, the influences of feelings and


thoughts, others behavior, and surroundings, are all thought to shape


the minds of the young offender. This publication will be primarily


used to explore the history and causes of the subject of young


offenders.


Davidson II, William S., Rednor, Robin,. (1990). Alternative Treatments


for Troubled Youth: The Case of Diversion From The Justice


System. New York: Plenum Press.


This publication presents the findings of a research study done


on alternative interventions with delinquent youth. The authors goal in


writing this book was to describe an alternative intervention model


and to examine its workability in the existing system. The authors in


their research show that the intervention programs in the past have


been ones of failure. It is believed that the success of intervention


programs must be researched in such a way that all variables are


considered before a program is to be implemented. One of the major


problems discovered in their findings is the lack of professionalism in


the implementation of these intervention programs, hence many of the


programs operating today are destined for failure.


Griffiths, Curt T., Verdun-Jones, Simon N. (1994). Canadian Criminal


Justice. Toronto: Harcourt Brace.


This publication is a prime source of material as it covers a


multitude of areas pertaining to young offenders. This book addresses


some of the cultural issues such as policing and community aspects of


the troubled youth. The author takes a close look into sensitizing the


criminal system and addresses the problems of cultural awareness for


the justice personnel. There is an excellent chapter in the book that


looks at programs for youth in different parts of the country and


explores the possibilities of alternative programs targeted for


marginal peoples.


Ottawa, Canada. (1993). Dept. of Justice. Toward Safer Communities:


Violent and Repeat Offending by Young People.


This journal was presented in an attempt to help the


government re-establish their stand that they are addressing the


problems of young offenders in the community. This publication was


primarily focused toward strengthening the governments stand that


they are moving in a forward direction. The material in the journal


primarily points in the direction that the age for young offenders


should be lowered for some offences and that stiffer penalties should


be invoked for many repeat offenders. It was clear that this would be


an excellent piece of material to use as a basis for the argument that


the government is not moving in a positive direction to address the


problems of repeat young offenders.


Ottawa, Canada. (1986). Canadian Association for Children and


Adults with Learning Disab

ilities. Learning Disabilities and the Young


Offenders: Arrest to Disposition.


This publication investigates how the young offenders act in


many ways does not address adequately the special problems that


some young offenders are faced with. Like those of the population with


learning disabilities many young people are processed through the


system without knowing the importance of these actions. It is made


clear that even though the young offender is accompanied by a parent


or adult, in some cases the parent or guardian also does not have the


ability of understanding the seriousness and the legalities of the


situation the child is in. The authors of this paper make it clear that


there are some serious problems with this system and that safe guards


must be implemented to ensure that as few as possible cases of this


type slip through the system. This publication is an important piece as


it shows clearly that improved systems are needed in dealing with the


young offender, and that much of the process should be initiated


within the family and community.


Toronto, Canada. Canadian Bar Association – Continuing Legal


Education. “Saturday, November 14, 1992.” The Young Offenders Act:


significant trends for the 90s.


The articles that were presented in this issue is primarily


directed at the increasing need for community involvement in the issue


of juvenile delinquency and reforms necessary to control this problem.


The articles tend to lead the reader to see that the community must


become involved in the control of the young people. With the rise in


juvenile crime it is a problem that evolves with each new law that is


designed to protect the public. What was once a question of young


teenagers has become a problem of children from the ages of seven


years and up. One of the articles stated that each community should


resume control of their young people and work with the families so


that they can become more educated in the treatments and skills


necessary to curb this problem. This article is important to this


research as the information provided confirms the fact that the


management of the young offenders must start in the home and


community.


Shwartz, Ira M. (1989). (In) Justice For Juveniles: Re-Thinking The


Best Interests of The Child. Toronto: Lexington Books.


The author of this book has worked in the juvenile justice area


for over twenty years and has discovered that there is much needed


work to be done to develop equality for juvenile offenders. The author


believes that the juvenile system lacks the due process given to many


of the adult offenders and therefore the rights of juveniles are


violated on a regular basis. The author describes how rights are


abused, the conditions of confinement, and how abuses and


unprofessional practises are commonplace in detention facilities. This


is an excellent publication that provides a factual basis for the need to


develop treatment programs that are more in tune to the needs of the


juvenile offender.


Ueling, Harold F. (1973). Correction of a Correctional Psychologist in


Treatment of the Criminal Offender. Springfield: Charles C.


Thomas Publishing.


The author of this book looks deeply into the need for evaluation


and treatment of offenders at an early age. The author makes a stand


that there are deep rooted problems within society that do not address


the problems of youth. It is through this belief that the author sees the


need to evaluate behavior traits of the young people at an early age.


This publication will be useful in stating a case that treatment for


criminal behavior should be initiated with the young people of society.


West, Gordon W. (1984). Young Offenders and The State: A Canadian


Perspective on Delinquency. Toronto: Harcourt Brice.


The author of this book looks at the effects of labeling the young


people and trapping them into a life of conflict. The book also


addresses the theory of sociological effects on delinquency. The author


addresses some of the current treatment programs and also the lack


of cultural approaches to the problems of young offenders. This is one


of the publications that will be of use in examining the current


treatment programs to explore the needs of new programs that meet


the needs of society.


Wood, Arthur Evans; Waite, John Baker. (1941). Crime And Its


Treatment. New York: American Book Company.


Although this publication dates back the authors have made


some valid discoveries in the approaches to the problems of crime and


delinquency that have not changed over the years. The authors


investigate the theory of the practice of punishment and delves into


the extra-mural form of treatment like probation. The authors also


make some concrete conclusions as to early interventions such as


education, early diagnosis of mental disorders, and the strengthening


of institutions such as the home, the church, and the school.

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