Serial Killers: Programmed To Kill? Essay, Research Paper
Serial killers are one of the most fascinating and morbid groups of people to study. A
serial killer as defined by Brian and Wilfred Gregg in The Encyclopedia of Serial
Killers is someone who kills 3 or more people with sufficient time intervals between each
known as a cooling off period. The style and motivation of the killings can vary greatly.
I choose serial killers for this project because the idea of someone killing another human
being on numerous occasions seemed so out there, so fringe, it just had to be studied.
Listen to this letter from one of this centuries most infamous serial killers David
Berkowitz (1976-1977) AKA “Son of Sam.”
“I am deeply hurt by your calling me a weman-hater. I am not. But I am a monster. I am
the “son of Sam”. I am a little brat. When father Sam gets drunk he gets mean. He beats
our family. Sometimes he ties me up to the back of the house. Other times he locks me in
the garage. Sam loves to drink blood. “Go out and kills” commands father Sam. Behind
our house some rest. Mostly young – raped and slaughtered – their blood drained – just
bones now. Pap Sam keeps me locked in the attic too. I can’t get out but I look out the
attick window and watch the world go by. I feel like an outsider. I am on a different
wavelength then everybody else – programmed to kill…… Mr. Borelli, sir, I don’t want to
kill any more. No sur, no more but I must, “honour thy father”. I want to make love to the
world. I love people. I don’t belong on earth. Return me to yahoos. To the people of
Queens, I love you. And I want to wish all of you a happy Easter. May God bless you in
this life and in the next. And for now I say goodbye and goodnight. Police: Let me haunt
you with these words: I’ll be back. I’ll be back. To be interrpreted as – bang, bang, bang,
bang – ugh. Yours in murder, Mr. Monster.”
This letter was found at the scene of one of his crimes. He went on to kill 5 more people,
mostly in cars parked in lover’s lanes.
To view serial killers as a fringe group, you must first understand them as a group. To do
this I will present some common traits of serial killers, followed by the classifications of
male and female serial killers and specific examples of each. Once I have sufficiently
grouped serial killers as a whole and then as smaller groups in that whole, I will explain
what is being done to predict serial killers, who becomes a serial killer and why?
There is no way to tell exactly how many serial killers there are active at any one time.
Do to modern technology, particularly transportation, it is often hard to connect two
seemingly separate murders. Most experts agree with Holmes and DeBurger’s estimate
of victims of serial murders at 3,500 to 5,000 per year. From this the estimated number of
serial killers active today is 350, or 7 per state. This estimate is based on research that
shows most serial killers murder between ten and twelve individuals, over several years.
However, Peter Wortington, author of “The Journalist and the Killer,” states the
infamous serial killer Ted Bundy could be responsible for as many as 100 murders.
Who are they?
Common Traits
*Holmes and DeBurger, the author of Serial Murder, state that serial killers in general
fit the description of a psychopath very well. The title, psychopath has been recently
replaced by the phrase ASPD, anti-social personality disorder.
*The inability to love, which is often considered to be the core of ASPD is especially
evident in the serial killer.
*The serial killer is unable to develop deep meaningful relationships and thus their care
for people in general is greatly decreased. In short, the serial killer is lacking those traits
which help us to get along with others.
*Highly impulsive and aggressive behavior is another part of the serial killers psyche, and
studies show that they require more thrills than normal people
*Just like young children, they must constantly be in search of new entertainment.
Comparing a serial killer to a young child, however, is not fair to the child. Young child
may pull the legs off of a grasshopper for entertainment, but serial killer enjoys doing or
fantasizing about doing such things to fellow humans.
*The classic feature of the serial killer, is an absolute lack of guilt. Participation in
activities which could result in social disapproval will generate guilt and remorse in a
normal, healthy individual, but the serial killer does not experience either of these
feelings to any sufficient degree.
Robert Ressler author of Sexual Homicide, gives us three traits that make the serial
killer very dangerous.
1) Their lack of conscience, as we have discusses, is a result of ASPD is the first.
2)Second is a lack of external motivation. Some of the killers motivation consists of
uncontrolled drives, their inability to control impulsive behavior or change their actions
in consideration of others. There is not external motive in a serial murder. The victim is
killed for psychological gain on the part of the murderer.
3)The third trait is the planning and ability to hide their criminality make them virtually
invisible. As Ressler explains, serial killers always plan their kills, whether consciencly
or not, and this level of planning is always evident at the crime scene. Serial killers also
have amazing ability to hide their crimes. As Holmes and DeBurger state, many times
people in the same house as the killer do not know of the killers activities.
Classifications
The information in this section comes from the Internet site of Dr. Tom O’Connor a
noted criminology specialist from North Carolina’s Wesleyan College. For the
male classification Dr. O’Connor uses one of the FBI typologies called the
Holmes typology. There are other’s the FBI uses, but I felt this one was the most
clear.
Thesis: The classification of serial killers is different for males and females. The
major difference is style of killing and the precision and care of that killing. In
addition, females are much more likely to kill victims they have some relation
with.
The classification of serial killers is essential in understanding the psychological
mainframe of the killer. I also feel it is important to stress common traits among
groups so we may better understand them as a whole.
MALE SERIAL KILLERS- 4 groups, usually between 20 and 30. Kill in their own
social class and race.
Visionaries – act in response to voices and are instructed by these voices to perform
the act of murder. These are used to justify and legitimize the act.
Herbert Mullin (1972-73): Paranoid schizophrenic, heard voices about an
upcoming earthquake that told him to kill to prevent it. He drove up
mountain roads and pretended to have car trouble, killed 2 with a baseball
bat. Then got a gun and killed 5 people in one day at one park, 4 campers
at another park 3 months later, 2 others in various locations.
Missionaries – they think it is their responsibility rid society of unwanted elements.
Prostitutes, drug addicts, homosexuals, racial minorities, and pornographers
(Like John Doe in the movie in Seven.)
Joseph Franklin (1977-81): Neo-Nazi, believed interracial couples were a
sin against God. suspected in the shooting of Larry Flynt because Hustler
magazine featured interracial couples. Franklin killed 15 people in
interracial relationships from rooftops.
Hedonists – kill because murder causes them pleasure / sense of power
Lust Killers – kill for sexual gratification and the acts are usually sadistic.
Often involves overkill, necrophilia or cannibalism.
Jerry Brudos (1968-69): electronic tech., shoe fetish.
aroused by the sight of women in black high heeled shoes. Killed
6 and kept the left foot of each in a freezer.
Thrill Killers – kill because of a desire of a “thrill” or “experience.” Often
involves mutilation or cannibalism but rarely overkill or necrophilia
Norman Collins (1967-69): killed 7 students, each sexually
mutilated. He came to the funeral parlor of one victim and asked if
her could take a picture.
Gain Killers – kill for personal gain. Profitable business venture,
advancement of career, or contract for services.
Joseph Briggen (1894-1902): Hog farmer whose pigs always won
blue ribbons. He said “ its all in the feeding.” He also complained
of the inability to keep ranch hands. He had killed at least 12
hands saying pigs need a steady diet of human flesh.
Power Seekers – kill for the desire to have control over the life and death or others.
Often involves behaviors such as ransom demands or desire for publicity.
Robert Hansen (1977-81): killed 17 women after sexually abusing
them. He gave them a head start and track them down like animals with a
high-powered rifle.
Other types of Serial killers such as Vampires and Cannibals cannot be placed in any
one group and must then be considered mixed groups.
The information on female serial killers also came from Dr. O’Connor’s web page. The
typology used for females is called the Kelleher Typology, developed by Kelleher and
Kelleher a couple who wrote the book, Murder Most Rare: The Female Serial Killer.
FEMALE SERIAL KILLERS-more methodical, careful, precise and quiet. Also
much more successful; the average duration of a female serial killer is 8 years,
double that of a male serial killer. Female serial killers account for only 8% of all
American serial killers but American female serial killers account for 76% of all
female serial killers worldwide.
Female Serial Killers Acting Alone: Mature, careful, deliberate, socially adept, and
highly organized. They usually attack victims in their home of place of work.
They tend to favor specific weapons like poison, lethal injection or suffocations
Black Widow: systemically kills multiple spouses, partners, or other family
members.
Diana Lumbrera (1977-1990): suffocated 6 of her own children.
Angle of Death: systemically kills people who are in her care for some form of
medical attention
Genene Jones (1978-1982): injected terminally ill children with heart
medication. She enjoyed the recognition she received as she tried to revive
the children.
Sexual Predator: systematically kills others in clear acts of sexual homicide
Aileen Wournos (1989-90): prostitute, shot men in normal proposition for
sex claiming self defense.
Revenge: systematically kills out of hate or jealousy
Martha Ann Johnson (1977-82): 22 year old, 250 lbs woman with 4
children, who after a fight with her husband would roll her weight onto
one of them as they slept and suffocate them.
Profit or Crime: systematically kills for profit or while committing another crime.
Madame Papova (1879-1909): murder for hire service in Russia.
Specialized in liberating married women from cruel husbands. Murdered over
300 victims.
Acting in Partnership: Killers tend to be younger, aggressive, vicious in their attacks,
sometimes disorganized, and usually unable to carefully plan. They usually attack
victims in diverse locations. They tend to use guns, knives, or torture.
Team Killer: Kills or participates in the killing of others in conjunction with at
least one other. Represent about 1/3 of all female serial killers with male female
teams being the most common.
Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow (1930-34): formed gang and killed 16
victims, 13 of which were police officers. Bonnie is reported to have
enjoyed putting extra bullets in the cops.
Participation Part
1)Wolfgang Abel & Mario Furlan (1977-1986) were 27-year old sons of rich parents in
Milan, Italy. Upon graduation from the university where they had been roommates, they
embarked upon an odyssey of killing homosexuals across Italy and the Central Alps
Region of West Central Europe. Along the way, they killed whomever they thought was
“subhuman” and although they were not Nazis, they left notes at crime scenes for police
to think a group of Nazis led by a “Ludwig” were responsible. Their 13 victims included
gypsies, drug addicts, prostitutes, and of course, homosexuals. Toward the end, they
specialized in arson and bombing, burning down pornographic movie theaters
discotheques, timing the fires for when the places were most crowded. Hundreds of
people were injured or scarred for life by their actions. They were finally caught by
patrons of a crowded disco when seen dancing around in costume while secretly releasing
accelerant from inside their pantlegs. In 1987, an Italian court found them partially insane
and sentenced them to 30 years of “open custody” (the equivalent of “house arrest”) in the
Alpine castles of their parents——Missionary/Team
2)Harvey Glatman (1951-1958) was a 25-year old Hollywood photographer for girls
interested in becoming models. Once the most beautiful girls came into his “studio”, they
were raped, tied up, and then brutally murdered. He would often take photos of him
raping the girls, as they died, and their grave sites out in the desert. He killed 4 victims
before the last one got away by resisting. His “studio” turned out to have a room with
walls covered with portraits of death. He was executed in the gas chamber in 1959, and
his last words were “I knew this is the way it would be”.—–Lust
3)Frederick Mors (1914-1916) was an immigrant from Vienna to the U.S. who worked in
nursing homes for the elderly. He liked to dress up in a white uniform with a stethoscope
around his neck and have the patients call him “Herr Doktor”. He was responsible for
killing 8 patients by chloroform suffocation. He was eventually caught in the act, and
certified criminally insane, but he escaped from the mental institution and was never
heard from again.——Power Seeker
4)Martha Wise (1924-1925) AKA “the Borgia of America” was a 39-year old widow
from Ohio who fell deeply in love with a younger man whom her family was opposed to.
She devised a plan to poison (arsenic) her family members one-by-one, killing 3 of them
before the rest got suspicious and reported her to authorities. When questioned, she
confessed to the murders, several other attempts, and even burning down a church that
expressed a reluctance to carry out the marriage ceremony. Her defense at trial was “the
Devil made me do it”. She was sentenced to life imprisonment.—–Revenge/Visionary
Why are they?
“It was an urge. . . . . A strong urge, and the longer I let it go the stronger it got, to where I
was taking risks to go out and kill people–risks that normally, according to my little rules
of operation, I wouldn’t take because they could lead to arrest.” — Edmund Kemper
Where does this urge come from? In this project I aim to address 3 areas which is said to
have impact on these people leading them to a life of serial murder.
Childhood family life
Most of the information in this assertion comes from the FBI behavioral science
department and FBI profiler Robert Ressler.
*Serial killers are never really able to bond with their families.
*This then leads to a struggle to bond with friends so there are very few or no
relationships of any value to these people.
*A positive view of the father is rare among serial killers, while 72% report a lack of
attachment to, and no positive image of, their fathers. The serial killer feels more
aggression than the average child, and a good portion of this is vented toward the father. *
*Ron Langevin writes in “The Serial Killer,” that indeed, the serial killer holds more
anger and substantially less affection toward the father than do even other murderers. She
goes on to say that episodes of bedwetting and firesetting, coexist with a tendency for
cruelty to animals, and have been called the ‘triad’ of childhood characteristics
representative of future serial killers.
*Ressler also points out that 82% of serial killers report daydreaming so much that it
became a problem for them in childhood,
*and 71% report chronic lying.
*80% of them had run away at some point in their childhood, and
*83% reported sever temper tantrums.
According to the FBI, and Ressler,
*Nearly all serial killers report punishment as a child as being unfair, hostile, abusive and
very inconsistent.
*The primary caretakers of the future killer, be they parents, grandparents or legal
guardians, are simply “bad” at their job.
*Not only are they nonproductive, unhelpful and aloof, but they typically hold adult
expectations for even the youngest of children.
Holmes and De Burger continue to say that this inconsistency is a common point
between serial killers and sexual addicts.
*Serial killers learn behavior that encourages violence, and that will one day lead to
multiple murder.
Ressler and the FBI report that, there is a high degree of instability in the family life
just like the sexual addict’s family.
*Their families typically moved around a great deal, or parents frequently changed
occupations.
*Psychological and behavioral problems, such as alcoholism and drug use are not
uncommon in their families, either. Ressler reports that 69% of interviewed serial
killers had a family history of alcoholism. Better than half of the serial killers
reported psychiatric problems in their families, and 70% of the families had a
history of alcoholism.
Sexual Abuse
Over 50% were suspected of sexual abuse. Peter Worthington, author of “The Journalist
and the Killer,” reports that Clifford Olson, for example, who reported being sodomized
by his uncle as a young child, later went on to murder eight girls and three boys in a
nine-month spree. His murder methods included strangulation, bludgeoning and stabbing.
Steven Dubner, who wrote “Portrait of a Serial Killer,” states that Alex Henriquez,
suspected by police of being sexually abused during his childhood and through his teens,
strangled two girls and one woman to death.
Ressler points out that this abuse is a critical phase in the creation of the serial killer.
*The sexual abuse result in intense physiological arousal, and the abused child quickly
associates the two.
Jim Orford wrote “Excessive Appetites: A Psychological View of Addictions,” and is
quoted as saying “The male emphasis on sex, along with greater prominence of male
sexual organs, greater degree of initiative expected of males, and more obvious signs of
physiological arousal lead young males to label physiological arousal as sexual.”
Fantasy- Childhood fantasies of domination may also lead to future violent behavior as
Ressler points out.
*The play of the child is oriented around aggression and violence, and this only increases
over the years.
*Children feeling abused may be very egocentric, seeing others as only an extension of
their personal world.
*In essence the future killer is using fantasy as a way of escaping an otherwise poor
family life. The abuse they are suffering may push these fantasies toward violence
and aggression.
*In fantasy the child is in control and can do the abusing instead of being abused.
Ressler gives a good example in the situation in which a child may want to feel power of
the family dog. One day the child goes so far as to kick the dog. Feeling the power, the
child may continue to beat and later even kill the dog.
*As the child grows these fantasies become an addiction.
*It becomes the child’s only source of emotional arousal and soon included sex as well as
aggression.
*As a result of this need for fantasy the now young adult may develop negative traits
including; preference for autoerotic activity, aggression, chronic lying,
rebelliousness, and a preference for fetish behavior.
Ressler continues to point out that soon the killer is trapped in a chronic cycle of self
stimulation through fantasy, increasing social isolation followed by increased anger do to
more isolation and increases the reliance on fantasy.
This sexual fantasy as pointed out by Albert Drukteinis in his work entitled
“Contemporary Psychiatry: Serial Murder–The Heart of Darkness,” is the focal point of
most serial killers desire for power. Drukteinis gives us a quote from Ed Kemper, a
serial killer from California. He described the roles of dominance, power and sex in his
own sexual fantasies:
“I have fantasies about mass murder…[I] make made passionate love to their dead
corpses. Taking life away from them,…and then having possession of everything that used
to be theirs. All that would be mine. Everything.”
Conclusion-Is there a way to predict?
The FBI, over the past decade has collected huge amounts of information on the killers
themselves, their motivations and their methods. Unfortunately, to date there is no sure
way to identify serial killers before they strike. Most of the time the killer is stumbled
upon accidentally by local police or the FBI, according to Ressler. The Behavioral
Science Unit of the FBI has devoted much of their department to studying and attempting
to understand these fascinating people. They have turned crime scene profiling, the
development of a serial killer’s description and characteristics from evidence at the scene
of the crime, into a science. Despite these advancements there is still much to be learned
about serial killers. It is my opinion, through my research, that it is impossible to develop
a fool-proof way to predict that a certain person will become a serial killer. As Holmes
and DeBurgers point out, many people who share identical experiences as serial killers do
in their childhood and young adulthood do not become serial killers. Fortunately, the
information that the FBI has gathered has led to many quick arrests of serial killers and
has probably saved many lives. I am sure there will be many more advancements made in
years to come and we will see a decrease in the number of active serial killers and in
relation the number of victims. I hope you have enjoyed this presentation and have
enjoyed a short glimpse into the world of the serial killer.
Bibliography
Introduction
Sources:
Gregg, Brian and Wilfred. The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers. 1988.
Holmes, Ronald M. & De Burger, James. Serial Murder. Newbury Park: Sage. 1988.
Ressler, Robert. Sexual Homicide. Lexington: DC Heath & Company. 1988.
Worthington, Peter. “The Journalist and the Killer.” 1993.
Who Are They?
Common Traits
Sources:
Holmes, Ronald M. & De Burger, James. Serial Murder. Newbury Park: Sage. 1988.
Ressler, Robert. Sexual Homicide. Lexington: DC Heath & Company. 1988.
Classifications
Male
Sources:
FBI . “FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin: Violent Crime Issue.” 1985.
Holmes, Ronald M. & De Burger, James. Serial Murder. Newbury Park: Sage. 1988.
O’Connor, Dr. Thomas R. Dept. of Justices Studies. “Male Serial Killers” and “Female
Serial Killers.” 4 October, 1999. .
Female
Sources:
Kelleher, M. & C. Murder Most Rare: The Female Serial Killer. NY:Dell. 1998.
O’Connor, Dr. Thomas R. Dept. of Justices Studies. “Male Serial Killers” and “Female
Serial Killers.” 4 October, 1999. .
Participation
Sources:
O’Connor, Dr. Thomas R. Dept. of Justices Studies. “Male Serial Killers” and “Female
Serial Killers.” 4 October, 1999. .
Why Are They?
Childhood
Sources:
FBI . “FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin: Violent Crime Issue.” 1985.
Holmes, Ronald M. & De Burger, James. Serial Murder. Newbury Park: Sage. 1988.
Langevin, Ron. “The Serial Killer.” In Ann Wolber Burgess (Ed.), Rape and Sexual
Assault III: A Research Handbook, New York: Garland. 1991.
Ressler, Robert. Sexual Homicide. Lexington: DC Heath & Company. 1988.
Sexual Abuse
Sources:
Dubner, Steven J. “Portrait of a Serial Killer.” New York. 1992.
Orford, Jim. Excessive Appetites: A Psychological View of Addictions. New York: John
Wiley & Sons. 1985.
Ressler, Robert. Sexual Homicide. Lexington: DC Heath & Company. 1988.
Worthington, Peter. “The Journalist and the Killer.” 1993.
Fantasy
Sources:
Drukteinis, Albert M. “Contemporary Psychiatry: Serial Murder–The Heart of
Darkness.” 1992.
Ressler, Robert. Sexual Homicide. Lexington: DC Heath & Company. 1988.
Conclusion
Sources:
Holmes, Ronald M. & De Burger, James. Serial Murder. Newbury Park: Sage. 1988.
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